{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:09:36Z","timestamp":1790665776628,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the last 3 decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased dramatically in North America, ushering in a variety of health problems, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which previously was not typically seen until much later in life. This technical report describes, in detail, the procedures undertaken to develop the recommendations given in the accompanying clinical practice guideline, \u201cManagement of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents,\u201d and provides in-depth information about the rationale for the recommendations and the studies used to make the clinical practice guideline\u2019s recommendations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A primary literature search was conducted relating to the treatment of T2DM in children and adolescents, and a secondary literature search was conducted relating to the screening and treatment of T2DM\u2019s comorbidities in children and adolescents. Inclusion criteria were prospectively and unanimously agreed on by members of the committee. An article was eligible for inclusion if it addressed treatment (primary search) or 1 of 4 comorbidities (secondary search) of T2DM, was published in 1990 or later, was written in English, and included an abstract. Only primary research inquiries were considered; review articles were considered if they included primary data or opinion. The research population had to constitute children and\/or adolescents with an existing diagnosis of T2DM; studies of adult patients were considered if at least 10% of the study population was younger than 35 years. All retrieved titles, abstracts, and articles were reviewed by the consulting epidemiologist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thousands of articles were retrieved and considered in both searches on the basis of the aforementioned criteria. From those, in the primary search, 199 abstracts were identified for possible inclusion, 58 of which were retained for systematic review. Five of these studies were classified as grade A studies, 1 as grade B, 20 as grade C, and 32 as grade D. Articles regarding treatment of T2DM selected for inclusion were divided into 4 major subcategories on the basis of type of treatment being discussed: (1) medical treatments (32 studies); (2) nonmedical treatments (9 studies); (3) provider behaviors (8 studies); and (4) social issues (9 studies). From the secondary search, an additional 336 abstracts relating to comorbidities were identified for possible inclusion, of which 26 were retained for systematic review. These articles included the following: 1 systematic review of literature regarding comorbidities of T2DM in adolescents; 5 expert opinions presenting global recommendations not based on evidence; 5 cohort studies reporting natural history of disease and comorbidities; 3 with specific attention to comorbidity patterns in specific ethnic groups (case-control, cohort, and clinical report using adult literature); 3 reporting an association between microalbuminuria and retinopathy (2 case-control, 1 cohort); 3 reporting the prevalence of nephropathy (cohort); 1 reporting peripheral vascular disease (case series); 2 discussing retinopathy (1 case-control, 1 position statement); and 3 addressing hyperlipidemia (American Heart Association position statement on cardiovascular risks; American Diabetes Association consensus statement; case series). A breakdown of grade of recommendation shows no grade A studies, 10 grade B studies, 6 grade C studies, and 10 grade D studies. With regard to screening and treatment recommendations for comorbidities, data in children are scarce, and the available literature is conflicting. Therapeutic recommendations for hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy, microalbuminuria, and depression were summarized from expert guideline documents and are presented in detail in the guideline. The references are provided, but the committee did not independently assess the supporting evidence. Screening tools are provided in the Supplemental Information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T02:29:24Z","timestamp":1359426564000},"page":"e648-e664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Shelley C.","family":"Springer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Silverstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly R.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg E.","family":"Prazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Raymer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard N.","family":"Shiffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidhu V.","family":"Thaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meaghan","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Spann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan K.","family":"Flinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-001-0006-x","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in children.","volume":"1","author":"Silverstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120903251726400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00330.x","article-title":"Clinical presentation and treatment of type 2 diabetes in children.","volume":"8","author":"Pinhas-Hamiel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"24","key":"2021120903251726400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.24.2716","article-title":"Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States.","volume":"297","author":"Dabelea","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S201","article-title":"The many faces of diabetes in American youth: type 1 and type 2 diabetes in five race and ethnic populations: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.","volume":"32","author":"Mayer-Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903251726400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0690","article-title":"The burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.","volume":"118","author":"Liese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2008.12.001","article-title":"Diabetes\u2014a global problem needing global solutions.","volume":"3","author":"Narayan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.186","article-title":"Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association.","volume":"28","author":"Silverstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5448.2003.00027.x","article-title":"Barriers to the treatment of adolescent type 2 diabetes\u2014a survey of provider perceptions.","volume":"4","author":"Pinhas-Hamiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00237.x","article-title":"Treatment options for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth: a study of the comparative efficacy of metformin alone or in combination with rosiglitazone or lifestyle intervention in adolescents with type 2 diabetes.","volume":"8","author":"TODAY Study Group","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399052952569","article-title":"The utility of oral diabetes medications in type 2 diabetes of the young.","volume":"1","author":"Kane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2002.15.S2.737","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth: a new epidemic.","volume":"15","author":"Kaufman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.06.028","article-title":"Workforce issues for pediatric endocrinology.","volume":"149","author":"Silverstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B13","unstructured":"American Board of Pediatrics. 2011 Endocrinology examination. Available at: https:\/\/www.abp.org\/abpwebsite\/stats\/wrkfrc\/endo.ppt. Accessed December 20, 2012"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B14","volume-title":"Pediatric Subspecialists Survey Results","author":"National Association of Children\u2019s Hospitals and Related Institutions","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.20.2.65","article-title":"The role of primary care professionals in managing diabetes.","volume":"20","author":"Saudek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B16","first-page":"22","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth.","volume":"67","author":"Libman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903251726400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2005.07.009","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: the complete picture to date.","volume":"52","author":"Gungor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2536","article-title":"Childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"116","author":"Hannon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903251726400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(94)90114-7","article-title":"Dropout of young non-insulin-dependent diabetics from diabetic care.","volume":"24","author":"Kawahara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1258\/1357633054461624","article-title":"Improved access to subspecialist diabetes care by telemedicine: cost savings and care measures in the first two years of the FITE diabetes project.","volume":"11","author":"Malasanos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021120903251726400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530180030026","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus treated by different systems and specialties. Results from the medical outcomes study.","volume":"274","author":"Greenfield","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B22","first-page":"1160","article-title":"An informatics-supported intervention improves diabetes control in a primary care setting.","author":"Ziemer","year":"2006:","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903251726400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721705279050","article-title":"Clinical inertia contributes to poor diabetes control in a primary care setting.","volume":"31","author":"Ziemer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.398","article-title":"Quality of care and outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients: a comparison between general practice and diabetes clinics.","volume":"27","author":"De Berardis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1642","article-title":"Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline.","volume":"96","author":"Copeland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.1.84","article-title":"Characteristics of youth-onset noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at diagnosis.","volume":"100","author":"Scott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120903251726400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.10.2871","article-title":"Changing prevalence of overweight children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes.","volume":"26","author":"Libman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B28"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903251726400_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1260","article-title":"Classifying recommendations for clinical practice guidelines.","volume":"114","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120903251726400_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.10.1223","article-title":"Effects of computerized clinical decision support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: a systematic review.","volume":"293","author":"Garg","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903251726400_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1444","article-title":"Bridging the guideline implementation gap: a systematic, document-centered approach to guideline implementation.","volume":"11","author":"Shiffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B32","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine. SNOMED clinical terms. Available at: www.nlm.nih.gov\/research\/umls\/Snomed\/snomed_main.html. Accessed August 13, 2012"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B33","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine. RxNorm. Available at: www.nlm.nih.gov\/research\/umls\/rxnorm\/. Accessed August 13, 2012"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B34","unstructured":"Regenstrief Institute. Logical observations identifiers names and codes. Available at: http:\/\/loinc.org\/. Accessed August 13, 2012"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B35","volume-title":"Health Information Technology Automation of Quality Measurement: Quality Data Set and Data Flow","author":"National Quality Forum","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B36","article-title":"Subcommittee on Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes mellitus, type 2: clinical practice guideline for the management of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents.","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903251726400_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.6.862","article-title":"Value of childhood blood pressure measurements and family history in predicting future blood pressure status: results from 8 years of follow-up in the Bogalusa Heart Study.","volume":"77","author":"Shear","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000019555.61092.9E","article-title":"Cardiovascular health in childhood: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY) of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association [published correction appears in Circulation. 2002;106(9):1178].","volume":"106","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903251726400_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2470","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes complications in adolescents with type 2 compared with type 1 diabetes.","volume":"29","author":"Eppens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2008.0046","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: implications of a factor analysis of clustering.","volume":"7","author":"Mayer-Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903251726400_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.8.874","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents.","volume":"298","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B42","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Blood pressure tables for children and adolescents. Available at: www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/guidelines\/hypertension\/child_tbl.htm. Accessed August 13, 2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.S2.555","article-title":"The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.","volume":"114","author":"National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903251726400_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.03.014","article-title":"Pediatric approach to hypertension.","volume":"29","author":"Brady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B45"},{"issue":"7160","key":"2021120903251726400_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7160.703","article-title":"Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38.","volume":"317","author":"UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0970-3","article-title":"Medical management of children with primary hypertension by pediatric subspecialists.","volume":"24","author":"Yoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903251726400_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200104000-00020","article-title":"Risk assessment and treatment benefit in intensively treated hypertensive patients of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study.","volume":"19","author":"Zanchetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"9575","key":"2021120903251726400_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60821-6","article-title":"Acute and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents.","volume":"369","author":"Pinhas-Hamiel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903251726400_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0310","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in U.S. children and adolescents with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.","volume":"29","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"24","key":"2021120903251726400_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.179568","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics.","volume":"114","author":"Kavey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903251726400_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.7.2194","article-title":"Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes.","volume":"26","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B53","first-page":"505","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"15","author":"Taha","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903251726400_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31819a988b","article-title":"Adolescents with type 2 diabetes: early indications of focal retinal neuropathy, retinal thinning, and venular dilation.","volume":"29","author":"Bronson-Castain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120903251726400_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.10.1195","article-title":"The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States.","volume":"286","author":"Mokdad","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903251726400_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.5.844","article-title":"Existence of early-onset NIDDM Japanese demonstrating severe diabetic complications.","volume":"20","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903251726400_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8727(00)00114-8","article-title":"Slightly elevated blood pressure as well as poor metabolic control are risk factors for the progression of retinopathy in early-onset Japanese type 2 diabetes.","volume":"14","author":"Okudaira","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.76","article-title":"Incidence of retinopathy and nephropathy in youth-onset compared with adult-onset type 2 diabetes.","volume":"26","author":"Krakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903251726400_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2006.19.7.937","article-title":"Prevalence of retinopathy and microalbuminuria in pediatric type 2 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"19","author":"Farah","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00339.x","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy is an early complication of type 2 diabetes in adolescence.","volume":"9","author":"Karabouta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S006","article-title":"Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142009","volume":"32","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120903251726400_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.10.2903","article-title":"Signs of nephropathy may occur early in young adults with diabetes despite modern diabetes management: results from the nationwide population-based Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS).","volume":"26","author":"Svensson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00166.x","article-title":"Higher incidence of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 than in type 1 diabetes in early-onset diabetes in Japan.","volume":"58","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8982","key":"2021120903251726400_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91747-0","article-title":"Prevention of diabetic renal disease with special reference to microalbuminuria.","volume":"346","author":"Mogensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B65"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S011","article-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142010.","volume":"33","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.1.36","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: rates and risk factors.","volume":"20","author":"Kovacs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903251726400_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1398","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.","volume":"117","author":"Lawrence","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B69","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2021120903251726400_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population.","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903251726400_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199007000-00011","article-title":"A longitudinal study of depressive symptomatology in young adolescents.","volume":"29","author":"Garrison","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903251726400_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.2260150406","article-title":"Factors associated with eating disorder symptoms in a community sample of 6th and 7th grade girls.","volume":"15","author":"Killen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903251726400_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199501000-00018","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among Mexican-origin and Anglo adolescents.","volume":"34","author":"Roberts","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903251726400_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.73.11.1281","article-title":"Prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms in young adolescents.","volume":"73","author":"Schoenbach","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903251726400_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.2.324","article-title":"The prevalence and pattern of complementary and alternative medicine use in individuals with diabetes.","volume":"25","author":"Egede","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903251726400_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-006-0042-7","article-title":"The role of complementary and alternative medicine in diabetes.","volume":"6","author":"Dham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"3 pt 1","key":"2021120903251726400_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00377.x","article-title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus\u2014prevalence, patterns of use, and costs.","volume":"9","author":"Dannemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903251726400_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.01.020","article-title":"Dietary supplements in the management of diabetes: potential risks and benefits.","volume":"108","author":"Geil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903251726400_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2009.06.006","article-title":"Correlates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in Chicago area children with diabetes (DM).","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/131\/2\/e648\/1089168\/peds_2012-3496.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/131\/2\/e648\/1089168\/peds_2012-3496.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T22:24:57Z","timestamp":1644186297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/131\/2\/e648\/31875\/Management-of-Type-2-Diabetes-Mellitus-in-Children"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-3496","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}}}