{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:29:49Z","timestamp":1792679389439,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Probiotics may reduce the risk of atopy and asthma in children. However, results from clinical trials have been conflicting, and several of them may have been underpowered. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on atopic sensitization and asthma\/wheeze prevention in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled risk estimates. Meta-regression was conducted to examine the effect of potential factors on probiotics efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Probiotics were effective in reducing total immunoglobulin E (IgE) (mean reduction: \u20137.59 U\/mL [95% confidence interval (CI): \u201314.96 to \u20130.22]; P = .044). Meta-regression showed that the reduction in IgE was more pronounced with longer follow-up. Probiotics significantly reduced the risk of atopic sensitization when administered prenatally (relative risk: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.78 to 0.99]; P = .035 for positive result on the skin prick test and\/or elevated specific IgE to common allergens) and postnatally (relative risk: 0.86 [95% CI: 0.75 to 0.98]; P = .027 for positive result on skin prick test). Administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus, compared with other strains, was associated with an increased risk of atopic sensitization (P = .002). Probiotics did not significantly reduce asthma\/wheeze (relative risk: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.85 to 1.07]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prenatal and\/or early-life probiotic administration reduces the risk of atopic sensitization and decreases the total IgE level in children but may not reduce the risk of asthma\/wheeze. Follow-up duration and strain significantly modified these effects. Future trials for asthma prevention should carefully select probiotic strain and consider longer follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T01:13:03Z","timestamp":1376961183000},"page":"e666-e676","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Probiotic Administration in Early Life, Atopy, and Asthma: A Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Elazab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelico","family":"Mendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janvier","family":"Gasana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Florida Asthma Consortium, Fort Lauderdale, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar R.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Florida International University, Miami, Florida; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabelle","family":"Quizon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Forno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9537","key":"2021120902552862000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69283-0","article-title":"Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys.","volume":"368","author":"Asher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120902552862000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1159\/000090502","article-title":"Allergy practice worldwide: a report by the world allergy organization specialty and training council.","volume":"139","author":"Warner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120902552862000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06436.x","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and the \u2018hygiene hypothesis\u2019: too clean to be true?","volume":"152","author":"Flohr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120902552862000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.1.51","article-title":"Aberrant composition of gut microbiota of allergic infants: a target of bifidobacterial therapy at weaning?","volume":"51","author":"Kirjavainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3 pt 1","key":"2021120902552862000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.0118","article-title":"Th1 and Th2 in human diseases.","volume":"80","author":"Romagnani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120902552862000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.794S","article-title":"Antiallergic effects of probiotics.","volume":"137","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120902552862000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000162312.64308.fc","article-title":"Probiotics: a complementary approach in the treatment and prevention of pediatric atopic disease.","volume":"5","author":"Ogden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120902552862000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.756S","article-title":"Molecular and cellular basis of microflora-host interactions.","volume":"137","author":"Winkler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2021120902552862000_B9","unstructured":"Joint FAO-WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. 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