{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:45:39Z","timestamp":1792687539490,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n Children with unilateral cerebral palsy present with impaired upper limb (UL) function affecting independence, participation, and quality of life and require effective rehabilitation. This study aims to systematically review the efficacy of nonsurgical upper limb therapies for children with unilateral cerebral palsy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n Medline, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PubMed were searched to December 2012. Randomized controlled or comparison trials were included.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Forty-two studies evaluating 113 UL therapy approaches (N = 1454 subjects) met the inclusion criteria. Moderate to strong effects favoring intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A and occupational therapy (OT) to improve UL and individualized outcomes compared with OT alone were identified. Constraint-induced movement therapy achieved modest to strong treatment effects on improving movement quality and efficiency of the impaired UL compared with usual care. There were weak treatment effects for most outcomes when constraint therapy was compared with an equal dose (amount) of bimanual OT; both yielded similar improved outcomes. Newer interventions such as action observation training and mirror therapy should be viewed as experimental.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n There is modest evidence that intensive activity-based, goal-directed interventions (eg, constraint-induced movement therapy, bimanual training) are more effective than standard care in improving UL and individualized outcomes. There is little evidence to support block therapy alone as the dose of intervention is unlikely to be sufficient to lead to sustained changes in UL outcomes. There is strong evidence that goal-directed OT home programs are effective and could supplement hands-on direct therapy to achieve increased dose of intervention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,24]],"date-time":"2013-12-24T03:54:42Z","timestamp":1387857282000},"page":"e175-e204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":294,"title":["Efficacy of Upper Limb Therapies for Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Leanne","family":"Sakzewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Queensland Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Ziviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roslyn N.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Queensland Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120820093441500_B1","volume-title":"Cerebral Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways.","author":"Stanley","year":"2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120820093441500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14916.x","article-title":"Hemiplegic cerebral palsy: correlation between CT morphology and clinical findings.","volume":"33","author":"Wiklund","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120820093441500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3335","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of therapeutic management of upper-limb dysfunction in children with congenital hemiplegia.","volume":"123","author":"Sakzewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120820093441500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/17518420701544230","article-title":"Actual vs. best practices for young children with cerebral palsy: a survey of paediatric occupational therapists and physical therapists in Quebec, Canada.","volume":"11","author":"Saleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820093441500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2012.692124","article-title":"Therapy management of the upper limb in children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional survey.","volume":"15","author":"McConnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820093441500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.2.305","article-title":"Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with cerebral palsy with asymmetric motor impairment.","volume":"113","author":"Taub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120820093441500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206001356","article-title":"Efficacy of a child-friendly form of constraint-induced movement therapy in hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized control trial.","volume":"48","author":"Charles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120820093441500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309359767","article-title":"Effectiveness of modified constraint-induced movement therapy in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"24","author":"Aarts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120820093441500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215510367974","article-title":"Adapted version of constraint-induced movement therapy promotes functioning in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"24","author":"de Brito Brand\u00e3o","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120820093441500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"83","author":"Maher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2021120820093441500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions.","author":"Higgins","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820093441500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14897.x","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental therapy and upper-extremity inhibitive casting for children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"33","author":"Law","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120820093441500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07360.x","article-title":"A comparison of intensive neurodevelopmental therapy plus casting and a regular occupational therapy program for children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"39","author":"Law","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120820093441500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.108393","article-title":"An evaluation of botulinum-A toxin injections to improve upper extremity function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.","volume":"137","author":"Fehlings","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120820093441500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000903","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A and upper limb functional skills in hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomized trial in children receiving intensive therapy.","volume":"47","author":"Speth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120820093441500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206000387","article-title":"Low-dose\/high-concentration localized botulinum toxin A improves upper limb movement and function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.","volume":"48","author":"Lowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820093441500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00331.x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing botulinum toxin A dosage in the upper extremity of children with spasticity.","volume":"49","author":"Kawamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120820093441500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.10.017","article-title":"Functional outcomes of intramuscular botulinum toxin type A and occupational therapy in the upper limbs of children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"88","author":"Wallen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820093441500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2425","article-title":"Upper-limb botulinum toxin A injection and occupational therapy in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy identified from a population register: a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"119","author":"Russo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120820093441500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03387.x","article-title":"Repeat botulinum toxin-A injections in the upper limb of children with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"52","author":"Olesch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B21","first-page":"501","article-title":"Long lasting benefits following the combination of static night upper extremity splinting with botulinum toxin A injections in cerebral palsy children.","volume":"45","author":"Kanellopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2021120820093441500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-010-1518-7","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation combined with botulinum toxin type A to improve hand function in children with spastic hemiparesis\u2014a pilot study.","volume":"123","author":"Pieber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2021120820093441500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-91","article-title":"Effectiveness of resistance training in combination with botulinum toxin-A on hand and arm use in children with cerebral palsy: a pre-post intervention study.","volume":"12","author":"Elvrum","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120820093441500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308326629","article-title":"Botulinum toxin-A in children with congenital spastic hemiplegia does not improve upper extremity motor-related function over rehabilitation alone: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"23","author":"Rameckers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120820093441500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210110401","article-title":"Intensive pediatric constraint-induced therapy for children with cerebral palsy: randomized, controlled, crossover trial.","volume":"21","author":"DeLuca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120820093441500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811408423","article-title":"Treatment of congenital hemiparesis with pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy.","volume":"26","author":"Taub","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120820093441500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2012.002386","article-title":"Multicenter randomized controlled trial of pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy: 6-month follow-up.","volume":"66","author":"Case-Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820093441500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-2012-0206","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) for young children with cerebral palsy: effects of therapeutic dosage.","volume":"5","author":"DeLuca","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B29","first-page":"493","article-title":"A modified constraint-induced movement therapy (CIT) program improves paretic arm use and function in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"45","author":"Smania","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"21-22","key":"2021120820093441500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.555594","article-title":"Implementation of constraint-induced movement therapy for young children with unilateral cerebral palsy in Jordan: a home-based model.","volume":"33","author":"Al-Oraibi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820093441500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.01.023","article-title":"Effects of home-based constraint-induced therapy versus dose-matched control intervention on functional outcomes and caregiver well-being in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03859.x","article-title":"Randomized trial of constraint-induced movement therapy and bimanual training on activity outcomes for children with congenital hemiplegia.","volume":"53","author":"Sakzewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.11.022","article-title":"Participation outcomes in a randomized trial of 2 models of upper-limb rehabilitation for children with congenital hemiplegia.","volume":"92","author":"Sakzewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120820093441500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311400093","article-title":"Equivalent retention of gains at 1 year after training with constraint-induced or bimanual therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.","volume":"25","author":"Sakzewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120820093441500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311402508","article-title":"Bimanual training and constraint-induced movement therapy in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized trial.","volume":"25","author":"Gordon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120820093441500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2012.004622","article-title":"Functional impact of constraint therapy and bimanual training in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"66","author":"de Brito Brand\u00e3o","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120820093441500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04086.x","article-title":"Modified constraint-induced therapy for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized trial.","volume":"53","author":"Wallen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120820093441500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3182247076","article-title":"Multisite trial comparing the efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy with that of bimanual intensive training in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: postintervention results.","volume":"90","author":"Facchin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820093441500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812443004","article-title":"Unimanual and bimanual intensive training in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and persistence in time of hand function improvement: 6-month follow-up results of a multisite clinical trial.","volume":"28","author":"Fedrizzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120820093441500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.05.024","article-title":"An ecological approach of constraint induced movement therapy for 2-3-year-old children: a randomized control trial.","volume":"32","author":"Eliasson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.607213","article-title":"Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy and electrical stimulation on hand function of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a controlled clinical trial.","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120820093441500_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811431011","article-title":"Efficacy of constraint-induced therapy on functional performance and health-related quality of life for children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"27","author":"Hsin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120820093441500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215512455652","article-title":"Effect of therapist-based constraint-induced therapy at home on motor control, motor performance and daily function in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled study.","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120820093441500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.585214","article-title":"Effect of treatment environment on modified constraint-induced movement therapy results in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"34","author":"Rostami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2012-00804","article-title":"Effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy in virtual environment on upper-limb function in children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"31","author":"Rostami","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2021120820093441500_B46","first-page":"870","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120820093441500_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12054","article-title":"Intensive therapy following upper limb botulinum toxin A injection in young children with unilateral cerebral palsy: a randomized trial.","volume":"55","author":"Hoare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120820093441500_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.05.007","article-title":"Efficacy of forced-use therapy in hemiplegic cerebral palsy.","volume":"86","author":"Sung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820093441500_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-2012-0198","article-title":"Forced-use therapy for children with cerebral palsy in the community setting: a single-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial.","volume":"5","author":"Eugster-Buesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120820093441500_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00830.x","article-title":"Efficacy of a hand-arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT) in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized control trial.","volume":"49","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0288","article-title":"Occupational therapy home programs for cerebral palsy: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"124","author":"Novak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120820093441500_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2011-0631","article-title":"Lycra arm splints in conjunction with goal-directed training can improve movement in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"28","author":"Elliott","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120820093441500_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.03962.x","article-title":"Focus on function: a cluster, randomized controlled trial comparing child- versus context-focused intervention for young children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"53","author":"Law","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820093441500_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.03924.x","article-title":"Mirror therapy in children with hemiplegia: a pilot study.","volume":"53","author":"Gygax","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820093441500_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.12.009","article-title":"Evaluating intense rehabilitative therapies with and without acupuncture for children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"93","author":"Duncan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120820093441500_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04334.x","article-title":"Improving upper limb motor functions through action observation treatment: a pilot study in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"54","author":"Buccino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120820093441500_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12057","article-title":"Caution regarding the Pediatric Motor Activity Log to measure upper limb intervention outcomes for children with unilateral cerebral palsy.","volume":"55","author":"Wallen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120820093441500_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03157.x","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Pediatric Motor Activity Log used for children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"51","author":"Wallen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820093441500_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028516","article-title":"The Pediatric Motor Activity Log-Revised: assessing real-world arm use in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"57","author":"Uswatte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820093441500_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.10.003","article-title":"Validity, responsiveness, minimal detectable change, and minimal clinically important change of the Pediatric Motor Activity Log in children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120820093441500_B61","first-page":"CD003469","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A as an adjunct to treatment in the management of the upper limb in children with spastic cerebral palsy (update).","author":"Hoare","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120820093441500_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00001577-199100330-00005","article-title":"A historical and current view of the basis of NDT.","volume":"3","author":"Bly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"2021120820093441500_B63","first-page":"CD008449","article-title":"Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke.","volume":"3","author":"Thieme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820093441500_B64","first-page":"313","article-title":"Action observation and mirror neuron network: a tool for motor stroke rehabilitation.","volume":"48","author":"Sale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120820093441500_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308324786","article-title":"Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"23","author":"Dohle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820093441500_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311427406","article-title":"Clinical relevance of action observation in upper-limb stroke rehabilitation: a possible role in recovery of functional dexterity. A randomized clinical trial.","volume":"26","author":"Franceschini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00259.x","article-title":"The Assisting Hand Assessment: current evidence of validity, reliability, and responsiveness to change.","volume":"49","author":"Krumlinde-Sundholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820093441500_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.12.003","article-title":"Best responders after intensive upper-limb training for children with unilateral cerebral palsy.","volume":"92","author":"Sakzewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/133\/1\/e175\/1101437\/peds_2013-0675.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/133\/1\/e175\/1101437\/peds_2013-0675.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T23:43:09Z","timestamp":1639006989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/133\/1\/e175\/68537\/Efficacy-of-Upper-Limb-Therapies-for-Unilateral"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-0675","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]}}}