{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:31:15Z","timestamp":1790382675033,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Therapeutic hypothermia has become standard of care in newborns with moderate and severe neonatal encephalopathy; however, additional interventions are needed. In experimental models, breathing xenon gas during cooling offers long-term additive neuroprotection. This is the first xenon feasibility study in cooled infants. Xenon is expensive, requiring a closed-circuit delivery system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cooled newborns with neonatal encephalopathy were eligible for this single-arm, dose-escalation study if clinically stable, under 18 hours of age and requiring less than 35% oxygen. Xenon duration increased stepwise from 3 to 18 hours in 14 subjects; 1 received 25% xenon and 13 received 50%. Respiratory, cardiovascular, neurologic (ie, amplitude-integrated EEG, seizures), and inflammatory (C-reactive protein) effects were examined. The effects of starting or stopping xenon rapidly or slowly were studied. Three matched control subjects per xenon treated subject were selected from our cooling database. Follow-up was at 18 months using mental developmental and physical developmental indexes of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No adverse respiratory or cardiovascular effects, including post-extubation stridor, were seen. Xenon increased sedation and suppressed seizures and background electroencephalographic activity. Seizures sometimes occurred during rapid weaning of xenon but not during slow weaning. C-reactive protein levels were similar between groups. Hourly xenon consumption was 0.52 L. Three died, and 7 of 11 survivors had mental and physical developmental index scores \u226570 at follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Breathing 50% xenon for up to 18 hours with 72 hours of cooling was feasible, with no adverse effects seen with 18 months' follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]],"date-time":"2014-04-29T03:17:05Z","timestamp":1398741425000},"page":"809-818","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Xenon Ventilation During Therapeutic Hypothermia in Neonatal Encephalopathy: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Dingley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Neuroscience, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Neuroscience, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Scull-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Neuroscience, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Elstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ela","family":"Chakkarapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Neuroscience, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemmen","family":"Sabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Neuroscience, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Thoresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Neuroscience, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903204519100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(200102)7:1<56::AID-MRDD1008>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Perinatal brain injury: from pathogenesis to neuroprotection.","volume":"7","author":"Volpe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903204519100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000162850.44897.c6","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in the newborn infant.","volume":"18","author":"Thoresen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903204519100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198607103150202","article-title":"Antecedents of cerebral palsy. Multivariate analysis of risk.","volume":"315","author":"Nelson","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9460","key":"2021120903204519100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17946-X","article-title":"Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial.","volume":"365","author":"Gluckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021120903204519100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcps050929","article-title":"Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.","volume":"353","author":"Shankaran","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2021120903204519100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0900854","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy.","volume":"361","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120903204519100_B7","first-page":"CD003311","article-title":"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.","volume":"1)","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021120903204519100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(02)02439-6","article-title":"Prevention of neurotoxicity in hypoxic cortical neurons by the noble gas xenon.","volume":"72","author":"Petzelt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903204519100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20547","article-title":"Xenon and hypothermia combine to provide neuroprotection from neonatal asphyxia.","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903204519100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000198867.31134.ac","article-title":"Xenon provides short-term neuroprotection in neonatal rats when administered after hypoxia-ischemia.","volume":"37","author":"Dingley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903204519100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.499822","article-title":"Xenon and hypothermia combine additively, offering long-term functional and histopathologic neuroprotection after neonatal hypoxia\/ischemia.","volume":"39","author":"Hobbs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903204519100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22016","article-title":"Xenon enhances hypothermic neuroprotection in asphyxiated newborn pigs.","volume":"68","author":"Chakkarapani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903204519100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.163","article-title":"Cooling combined with immediate or delayed xenon inhalation provides equivalent long-term neuroprotection after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.","volume":"29","author":"Thoresen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"6709","key":"2021120903204519100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/24525","article-title":"How does xenon produce anaesthesia?","volume":"396","author":"Franks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903204519100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600184","article-title":"Xenon preconditioning reduces brain damage from neonatal asphyxia in rats.","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903204519100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200301000-00005","article-title":"Multicenter randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of xenon and isoflurane in patients undergoing elective surgery.","volume":"98","author":"Rossaint","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4472","key":"2021120903204519100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7434002","article-title":"Anesthetics as teratogens: nitrous oxide is fetotoxic, xenon is not.","volume":"210","author":"Lane","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903204519100_B18","first-page":"69","article-title":"Investigation of the teratogenic and embryotoxic action of xenon [in Russian]","author":"Burov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesteziol Reanimatol"},{"key":"2021120903204519100_B19","unstructured":"Air Liquide. 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