{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:19:10Z","timestamp":1759940350450,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n We conducted genital health wellness screens in male kindergarten children between the ages of 3 and 6 years to assess the incidence of congenital abnormalities and their treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n We performed genital examinations on 2241 male children in 8 kindergartens. We screened for 4 conditions: phimosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and hydrocele\/hernia. We assessed the incidence of these conditions and the effectiveness or lack of their treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Among this sample, 55.5% children aged 3 to 4 years and 44.1% aged 5 to 6 years were found to have persistent phimosis. The circumcision rate, excluding those performed in conjunction with hypospadias repair, was 2.8%, but it carried a 3.2% complication rate. There was a lower incidence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism than reported in the literature at 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Our hypospadias repair rate was 60%, with a success rate of 66.7%. Our cryptorchidism repair rate was only 25%, and all repairs were performed above the age of 5 years. Incidence of hydrocele and hernias was 1.2%, and our treatment rate was 46.2%. Finally, we found high incidence of keloid formation, 73.3%, associated with inguinal incision.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n There was high prevalence of phimosis in Chinese boys, a natural physiologic condition, up to age 6. There appeared to be lower incidences of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in our screened population. However, there were opportunities for us to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these 2 conditions. Our hydrocele\/hernia incidence was on par with literature, but we had a lower treatment rate. Finally, we found a high incidence of keloid formation associated with inguinal incision.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T02:19:49Z","timestamp":1393294789000},"page":"e624-e627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epidemiology of Male Genital Abnormalities: A Population Study"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Shaw","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First People\u2019s Hospital of Xiaoshan, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First People\u2019s Hospital of Xiaoshan, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuijun","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First People\u2019s Hospital of Xiaoshan, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903505448300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65544-7","article-title":"Analysis of shape and retractability of the prepuce in 603 Japanese boys.","volume":"156","author":"Kayaba","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"228","key":"2021120903505448300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.43.228.200","article-title":"Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys.","volume":"43","author":"Oster","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903505448300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1994.tb126559.x","article-title":"Further to \u201cthe further fate of the foreskin.\u201d Update on the natural history of the foreskin.","volume":"160","author":"Wright","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903505448300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05367.x","article-title":"Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in western Australian boys.","volume":"178","author":"Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903505448300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1989","article-title":"Circumcision policy statement.","volume":"130","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903505448300_B6","first-page":"686\u2013693","article-title":"Circumcision policy statement.","volume":"103","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4642","key":"2021120903505448300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4642.1433","article-title":"The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision.","volume":"2","author":"Gairdner","year":"1949","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903505448300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00147.x","article-title":"The incidence of phimosis in boys.","volume":"84","author":"Shankar","year":"1999","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2021120903505448300_B9"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903505448300_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64893-6","article-title":"Defects of the testosterone biosynthetic pathway in boys with hypospadias.","volume":"157","author":"Aaronson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903505448300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108463","article-title":"Is the incidence of hypospadias increasing? Analysis of Finnish hospital discharge data 1970\u20131994.","volume":"108","author":"Aho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903505448300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.158","article-title":"The true incidence of cryptorchidism in Denmark.","volume":"179","author":"Cortes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2021120903505448300_B13"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903505448300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2007.11.006","article-title":"Pediatric hernias.","volume":"88","author":"Brandt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903505448300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196912000-00006","article-title":"Keloids in various races. A review of 175 cases.","volume":"44","author":"Alhady","year":"1969","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/133\/3\/e624\/1098812\/peds_2013-2285.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/133\/3\/e624\/1098812\/peds_2013-2285.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T19:43:59Z","timestamp":1639079039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/133\/3\/e624\/32278\/Epidemiology-of-Male-Genital-Abnormalities-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-2285","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-4005"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-4275"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}}}