{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:57:27Z","timestamp":1773233847672,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preterm infants commonly have transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity after birth, which has been associated with deficits in general intellectual functioning, memory, attention, and academic achievement. However, research has predominantly focused on thyroxine levels in the first 2 weeks of life and outcomes are limited to the preschool period. Our objective was to evaluate the relationships between free thyroxine (fT4) levels over the first 6 weeks after very preterm (VPT) birth with cognitive functioning and brain development at age 7 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 83 infants born VPT (&amp;lt;30 weeks\u2019 gestation) had fT4 concentrations measured postnatally and 2- and 6-week area under the curve (AUC) summary measures were calculated. Follow-up at age 7 years included a neuropsychological assessment and brain MRI. Univariable and multivariable regression modeling was used where AUC for fT4 was the main predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome at age 7 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multivariable modeling revealed that higher, not lower, postnatal fT4 levels (2-week AUC) were associated with poorer cognitive performances at age 7 years on tasks of verbal learning (P = .02), verbal memory (P = .03), and simple reaction time (P &amp;lt; .001). A similar pattern of results was found when the 6-week AUC was examined. No significant associations between postnatal fT4 levels and brain volumes at age 7 years were identified.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Results are contradictory to previous observations and suggest that after adjustment for confounders, higher postnatal fT4 levels in VPT infants, rather than lower levels, may be a marker of adverse neuropsychological development in childhood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T02:37:54Z","timestamp":1396319874000},"page":"e955-e963","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Free Thyroxine Levels After Very Preterm Birth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at Age 7 Years"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Scratch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney W.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deanne K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zohra M.","family":"Ahmadzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lex W.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terrie E.","family":"Inder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903191639500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.728","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis.","volume":"288","author":"Bhutta","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903191639500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.10.032","article-title":"Language abilities in children who were very preterm and\/or very low birth weight: a meta-analysis.","volume":"158","author":"Barre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021120903191639500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)64007-2","article-title":"Visual and visuocognitive development in children born very prematurely.","volume":"164","author":"Atkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903191639500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1076\/0929-7049(200003)6:1;1-B;FT049","article-title":"Verbal memory deficits in children with less than 750 g birth weight.","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2021120903191639500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2013.809765","article-title":"Neonatal brain abnormalities and memory and learning outcomes at 7 years in children born very preterm [published online ahead of print June 27, 2013].","author":"Omizzolo","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903191639500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2011.540538","article-title":"Attention problems in a representative sample of extremely preterm\/extremely low birth weight children.","volume":"36","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903191639500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9327-z","article-title":"Executive function in very preterm children at early school age.","volume":"37","author":"Aarnoudse-Moens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903191639500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00357-3","article-title":"Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: a qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"143","author":"Inder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021120903191639500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.15.1939","article-title":"Regional brain volume abnormalities and long-term cognitive outcome in preterm infants.","volume":"284","author":"Peterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2021120903191639500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(88)90093-X","article-title":"Thyroid function in very preterm infants.","volume":"16","author":"Mercado","year":"1988","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903191639500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199711000-00009","article-title":"Thyroid function in very preterm infants: influences of gestational age and disease.","volume":"42","author":"van Wassenaer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903191639500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.3.214","article-title":"Frequency of transient hypothyroxinaemia in low birthweight infants. 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