{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T04:59:40Z","timestamp":1793681980280,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fever during pregnancy has been suspected to harm the developing fetus. However, until now, no systematic analysis of the available evidence has been undertaken to assess the impact of maternal fever on health outcomes in the child. The goal of this study was to systematically review evidence from epidemiologic studies on adverse health outcomes of the offspring in relation to exposure to maternal fever during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were performed by using Medical Subject Headings, Boolean operators, and truncation, and references of references were reviewed. Cohort and case-control studies addressing health outcomes of prenatal fever exposure in humans were eligible for inclusion. Studies with no direct reference to fever, studies in selected populations (eg, preterm births), and studies published before 1990 were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The available literature supported an increased risk of adverse offspring health in association with fever during pregnancy. The strongest evidence was available for neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, and oral clefts, in which meta-analyses suggested between a 1.5- and nearly 3-fold increased risk with fever exposure in the first trimester. We did not find strong evidence of a dose\u2013response relationship, but there was some evidence that antipyretic medications may have a protective effect when used in relation to febrile episodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found substantial evidence to support the contention that maternal fever during pregnancy may negatively affect offspring health. The harmful effects seemed to cover both short- and longer-term health outcomes; however, for several outcomes, the evidence was insufficient to judge any association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T21:19:49Z","timestamp":1393276789000},"page":"e674-e688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Systematic Review and Meta-analyses: Fever in Pregnancy and Health Impacts in the Offspring"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Julie Werenberg","family":"Dreier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie Nybo","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Berg-Beckhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903532212500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770060610","article-title":"Hyperthermia as a teratogen: a review of experimental studies and their clinical significance.","volume":"6","author":"Edwards","year":"1986","journal-title":"Teratog Carcinog Mutagen"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903532212500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199811)58:5<209::AID-TERA8>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Teratogen update: gestational effects of maternal hyperthermia due to febrile illnesses and resultant patterns of defects in humans.","volume":"58","author":"Graham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903532212500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20277","article-title":"Review: hyperthermia and fever during pregnancy.","volume":"76","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903532212500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/0265673021000039628","article-title":"Effects of heat on embryos and foetuses.","volume":"19","author":"Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903532212500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2011.553769","article-title":"Thermal thresholds for teratogenicity, reproduction, and development.","volume":"27","author":"Ziskin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903532212500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.08.006","article-title":"Risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in a low-risk population: the impact of maternal febrile episodes, urinary tract infection, pneumonia and ear-nose-throat infections.","volume":"159","author":"Morken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"9345","key":"2021120903532212500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11518-2","article-title":"Fever in pregnancy and risk of fetal death: a cohort study.","volume":"360","author":"Andersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903532212500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20540","article-title":"Prevalence of self-reported infection during pregnancy among control mothers in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.","volume":"85","author":"Collier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903532212500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000152903.55579.15","article-title":"Maternal hyperthermia and the risk for neural tube defects in offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Moretti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021120903532212500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration.","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021120903532212500_B11","unstructured":"Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, et al. 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