{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:58:33Z","timestamp":1790668713845,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation has been variably associated with neonatal morbidities and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). The objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze the impact of PDA ligation in preterm infants at &amp;lt;32 weeks\u2019 gestation on the risk of mortality, severe neonatal morbidities, and NDI in early childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), PsycINFO, and the Dissertation database were searched (1947 through August 2013). Risk of bias was assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Meta-analyses were performed by using a random-effects model. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled when appropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-nine cohort studies and 1 randomized controlled trial were included. Nearly all cohort studies had at least moderate risk of bias mainly due to failure to adjust for survival bias and important postnatal preligation confounders such as ventilator dependence, intraventricular hemorrhage, and sepsis. Compared with medical treatment, surgical ligation was associated with increases in NDI (aOR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.33), chronic lung disease (aOR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.98\u20133.18), and severe retinopathy of prematurity (aOR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.62\u20133.08) but with a reduction in mortality (aOR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.38\u20130.77). There was no difference in the composite outcome of death or NDI in early childhood (aOR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.58\u20131.57).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgical ligation of PDA is associated with reduced mortality, but surviving infants are at increased risk of NDI. However, there is a lack of studies addressing survival bias and confounding by indication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T00:45:52Z","timestamp":1395103552000},"page":"e1024-e1046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["PDA Ligation and Health Outcomes: A Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Dany E.","family":"Weisz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Newborn and Developmental Pediatrics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"More","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and"},{"name":"Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakesh S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903364299500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F505","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-303816","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates with patent ductus arteriosus on day 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Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms.","volume":"150","author":"Kabra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903364299500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3124","article-title":"Patent ductus arteriosus and its treatment as risk factors for neonatal and neurodevelopmental morbidity.","volume":"119","author":"Chorne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903364299500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.066","article-title":"Surgical ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus: treatment or morbidity?","volume":"161","author":"Clyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903364299500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.09.022","article-title":"Patent ductus arteriosus: are current neonatal treatment options better or worse than no treatment at 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