{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:15:05Z","timestamp":1787022905012,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Carotenoids may reduce risk of benign breast disease (BBD), an independent risk factor for breast cancer, through antioxidative or antiproliferative mechanisms. Exposure to carotenoids may be most important during adolescence when breast tissue is still developing. We examined adolescent carotenoid intake in relation to BBD in young women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 6593 adolescent girls in the prospective Growing Up Today Study cohort, intakes of \u03b1-carotene, \u03b2-carotene, \u03b2-cryptoxanthin, lutein\/zeaxanthin, and lycopene were assessed by using the means from food-frequency questionnaires in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Girls reported biopsy-confirmed BBD on questionnaires in 2005, 2007, and 2010 (n = 122). We conducted logistic regression of energy-adjusted carotenoid intakes in relation to BBD, adjusted for age, family history of breast cancer or BBD, age at menarche, nulliparity, alcohol intake, BMI, and physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean (SD) age at baseline was 12.0 (1.6) years. \u03b2-Carotene intake was inversely associated with BBD; comparing the highest to lowest quartile, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio was 0.58 (95% confidence interval: 0.34\u20131.00; P-trend = .03). \u03b1-Carotene and lutein\/zeaxanthin were also inversely associated with BBD, but the associations were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent carotenoid intake may be associated with lower BBD risk; these findings warrant further study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]],"date-time":"2014-04-07T23:24:44Z","timestamp":1396913084000},"page":"e1292-e1298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Adolescent Carotenoid Intake and Benign Breast Disease"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Boeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulla M.","family":"Tamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine S.","family":"Berkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham A.","family":"Colditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Heather","family":"Eliassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Malspeis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter C.","family":"Willett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Lindsay","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903202048300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4002-6","article-title":"How retinoids regulate breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis.","volume":"61","author":"Simeone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"24","key":"2021120903202048300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djs461","article-title":"Circulating carotenoids and risk of breast cancer: pooled analysis of eight prospective studies.","volume":"104","author":"Eliassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903202048300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.034165","article-title":"Dietary compared with blood concentrations of carotenoids and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.","volume":"96","author":"Aune","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903202048300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1723-8","article-title":"Carotenoids and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.","volume":"131","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903202048300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.014415","article-title":"Carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer defined by estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status: a pooled analysis of 18 prospective cohort studies.","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021120903202048300_B6"},{"issue":"5920","key":"2021120903202048300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/303767a0","article-title":"\u2018Hormonal\u2019 risk factors, \u2018breast tissue age\u2019 and the age-incidence of breast cancer.","volume":"303","author":"Pike","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903202048300_B8","first-page":"567","article-title":"Models of breast cancer show that risk is set by events of early life: prevention efforts must shift focus.","volume":"4","author":"Colditz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903202048300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17033202","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention by carotenoids.","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903202048300_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.6.1315S","article-title":"Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants.","volume":"62","author":"Sies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903202048300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90143-3","article-title":"Antioxidant functions of carotenoids.","volume":"7","author":"Krinsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903202048300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2006.09.024","article-title":"The influence of lycopene on the proliferation of human breast cell line (MCF-7).","volume":"21","author":"Fornelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903202048300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665199000932","article-title":"Effects of carotenoids on human immune function.","volume":"58","author":"Hughes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903202048300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.034637","article-title":"Vitamin A and retinoic acid in T cell-related immunity.","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903202048300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2001.0850","article-title":"Cross-sectional measurement of nutrient intake among adolescents in 1996.","volume":"33","author":"Rockett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903202048300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(95)00086-0","article-title":"Development and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to assess diets of older children and adolescents.","volume":"95","author":"Rockett","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903202048300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1997.0200","article-title":"Validation of a youth\/adolescent food frequency questionnaire.","volume":"26","author":"Rockett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903202048300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(01)00078-5","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc.","volume":"101","author":"Trumbo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903202048300_B19","first-page":"283","article-title":"Associations of plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary intake of specific carotenoids in samples of two prospective cohort studies using a new carotenoid database.","volume":"7","author":"Michaud","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903202048300_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.","volume":"122","author":"Willett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903202048300_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70140-1","article-title":"Breast disease in adolescents and young women.","volume":"46","author":"Neinstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903202048300_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24674","article-title":"Genetic variation and circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in relation to risk of proliferative benign breast disease.","volume":"126","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903202048300_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1608","article-title":"The Nurses\u2019 Health Study: lifestyle and health among women.","volume":"5","author":"Colditz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903202048300_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25008","article-title":"Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"127","author":"Druesne-Pecollo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903202048300_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26519","article-title":"Young women with family history of breast cancer and their risk factors for benign breast disease.","volume":"118","author":"Berkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903202048300_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25692","article-title":"Prospective study of growth and development in older girls and risk of benign breast disease in young women.","volume":"117","author":"Berkey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903202048300_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2347","article-title":"Prospective study of adolescent alcohol consumption and risk of benign breast disease in young women.","volume":"125","author":"Berkey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903202048300_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2686-8","article-title":"Vegetable protein and vegetable fat intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent girls, and risk for benign breast disease in young women.","volume":"141","author":"Berkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903202048300_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9532-7","article-title":"Intake of fiber and nuts during adolescence and incidence of proliferative benign breast disease.","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/133\/5\/e1292\/1059217\/peds_2013-3844.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/133\/5\/e1292\/1059217\/peds_2013-3844.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T12:51:57Z","timestamp":1639054317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/133\/5\/e1292\/32754\/Adolescent-Carotenoid-Intake-and-Benign-Breast"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-3844","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}}}