{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:12:22Z","timestamp":1784117542403,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>This Clinical Report was reaffirmed July 2021.<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This clinical report provides guidance for the pediatrician in addressing the psychosocial needs of adolescents and young adults living with HIV, which can improve linkage to care and adherence to life-saving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Recent national case surveillance data for youth (defined here as adolescents and young adults 13 to 24 years of age) revealed that the burden of HIV\/AIDS fell most heavily and disproportionately on African American youth, particularly males having sex with males. To effectively increase linkage to care and sustain adherence to therapy, interventions should address the immediate drivers of ARV compliance and also address factors that provide broader social and structural support for HIV-infected adolescents and young adults. Interventions should address psychosocial development, including lack of future orientation, inadequate educational attainment and limited health literacy, failure to focus on the long-term consequences of near-term risk behaviors, and coping ability. Associated challenges are closely linked to the structural environment. Individual case management is essential to linkage to and retention in care, ARV adherence, and management of associated comorbidities. Integrating these skills into pediatric and adolescent HIV practice in a medical home setting is critical, given the alarming increase in new HIV infections in youth in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-4061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T02:19:49Z","timestamp":1393294789000},"page":"558-562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Psychosocial Support for Youth Living With HIV"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Jaime","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC AIDS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace M.","family":"Aldrovandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen Gould","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen Rae","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athena","family":"Kourtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Montgomery","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024090613454820200_B1","unstructured":"The White House Office of National AIDS Policy. National HIV\/AIDS Strategy for the United States. Washington, DC: The White House Office of National AIDS Policy; 2010. Available at: http:\/\/aids.gov\/federal-resources\/national-hiv-aids-strategy\/nhas.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090613454820200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","article-title":"Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"365","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2011. HIV Surveillance Report. 2011;23. Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/library\/reports\/surveillance\/2011\/surveillance_Report_vol_23.html. Accessed September 10, 2013"},{"issue":"47","key":"2024090613454820200_B4","first-page":"971","article-title":"Vital signs:\u00a0HIV infection,\u00a0testing, and\u00a0risk behaviors\u00a0among\u00a0youths\u2014United States.","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024090613454820200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2010.22.4.286","article-title":"Harassment, discrimination, violence, and illicit drug use among young men who have sex with men.","volume":"22","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c99114","article-title":"Sex with older partners is associated with primary HIV infection among men who have sex with men in North Carolina.","volume":"54","author":"Hurt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data\u2014United States and six U.S. dependent areas\u20142010. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2012;17(3 Pt A). Available at: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/library\/reports\/surveillance\/2010\/surveillance_Report_vol_18_no_2.html. Accessed September 10, 2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B8","first-page":"55","article-title":"Adherence to antiviral drug regimens in HIV-infected adolescent patients engaged in care in a comprehensive adolescent and young adult clinic.","volume":"92","author":"Martinez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/1354350042000326584","article-title":"Predictors of medication adherence among HIV-infected youth.","volume":"10","author":"Hosek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024090613454820200_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.0290","article-title":"Long-term observation of adolescents initiating HAART therapy: three-year follow-up.","volume":"23","author":"Flynn","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2009.01327.x","article-title":"Conceptualization and measurement of coping during adolescence: a review of the literature.","volume":"42","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090613454820200_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.019018","article-title":"Nutrition and disease progression pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and post-HAART: can good nutrition delay time to HAART and affect response to HAART?","volume":"94","author":"Chandrasekhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090613454820200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.019109","article-title":"Nutrition and pharmacology: general principles and implications for HIV.","volume":"94","author":"Raiten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B14","first-page":"45","article-title":"Adherence to medications for HIV: teens say, \u201cToo many, too big, too often","volume-title":"Teenagers, HIV, and AIDS","author":"Koenig","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090613454820200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1290","article-title":"Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219C Study Team. Impact of disclosure of HIV infection on health-related quality of life among children and adolescents with HIV infection.","volume":"123","author":"Butler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0178","article-title":"The impact of stigma on medication adherence among HIV-positive adolescent and young adult females and the moderating effects of coping and satisfaction with health care.","volume":"26","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B17"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090613454820200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0694","article-title":"Achieving quality health services for adolescents.","volume":"121","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B19","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Bright Futures Steering Committee. Bright Futures Adolescent Supplemental Questionnaire 15 to 17 Year Visits. Available at: http:\/\/brightfutures.aap.org\/pdfs\/Other%203\/D.Adol.SQ.Patient.15-17yr.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/13.2.129","article-title":"Special considerations for the health supervision of children and youth in foster care.","volume":"13","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090613454820200_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0270-1","article-title":"The mental and physical health of homeless youth: a literature review.","volume":"43","author":"Edidin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.001","article-title":"From home to the street: understanding young people\u2019s transitions into homelessness.","volume":"28","author":"Hyde","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024090613454820200_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.142547","article-title":"Pathways to and from homelessness and associated psychosocial outcomes among adolescents leaving the foster care system.","volume":"99","author":"Fowler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B24","volume-title":"Youth Homelessness Series, Brief No. 1: Fundamental Issues to Prevent and End Youth Homelessness","author":"National Alliance to End Homelessness","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090613454820200_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2001.00033.x","article-title":"Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents.","volume":"33","author":"Rew","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B26","volume-title":"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth: An Epidemic of Homelessness","author":"Ray","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090613454820200_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024697706033","article-title":"Reductions in HIV risk among runaway youth.","volume":"4","author":"Rotheram-Borus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024090613454820200_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508325490","article-title":"Exploring family environment characteristics and multiple abuse experiences among homeless youth.","volume":"24","author":"Ferguson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/12.2.203","article-title":"Ego identity development of adolescents with cancer.","volume":"12","author":"Gavaghan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/17.2.133","article-title":"Psychological adjustment to pediatric physical disorders: a meta-analytic review.","volume":"17","author":"Lavigne","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B31","first-page":"22","article-title":"Developmental influences on adolescent health","volume-title":"Adolescent Health Problems","author":"Sayer","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B32","first-page":"124","article-title":"Psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic physical conditions","volume-title":"Handbook of Pediatric Psychology","author":"Wallander","year":"1995","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090613454820200_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00550","article-title":"Children and adolescents living with HIV and AIDS: a review.","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090613454820200_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600652303","article-title":"Stigma and social barriers to medication adherence with urban youth living with HIV.","volume":"19","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/15538340902824118","article-title":"An ecological model of stressors experienced by youth newly diagnosed with HIV.","volume":"9","author":"Hosek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J HIV AIDS Prev Child Youth"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B36","volume-title":"Youth and Families. Finding HIV-Positive Youth And Bringing Them Into Care","author":"AIDS Alliance for Children","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090613454820200_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00392-0","article-title":"Recruitment and retention of adolescent participants in HIV research: findings from the REACH (Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health) Project.","volume":"32","author":"Stanford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B38","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Bright Futures Steering Committee. Introduction to the Bright Futures Visits. Available at: http:\/\/brightfutures.aap.org\/pdfs\/Guidelines_PDF\/12-Introduction_to_the_Bright_Futures_Visits.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090613454820200_B39","first-page":"e168","article-title":"How consumerist do people want to be? Preferred role in decision-making of individuals with HIV\/AIDS.","volume":"3","author":"Urowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00161-7","article-title":"Introduction: what youth need: adapting HIV care models to meet the lifestyles and special needs of adolescents and young adults.","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00158-7","article-title":"The utilization of treatment and case management services by HIV infected youth.","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090613454820200_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0178","article-title":"Screening and assessing violence and mental health disorders in a cohort of inner city HIV positive youth between 1998\u20132006.","volume":"23","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00159-9","article-title":"Transitioning youth into care (linking identified HIV infected youth at outreach sites in the community to hospital based clinics and or community based health centers).","volume":"33","author":"Martinez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090613454820200_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.06.012","article-title":"The intersection of youth, technology, and new media with sexual health: moving the research agenda forward.","volume":"51","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B45","volume-title":"Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites: How American Teens Navigate the New World of \u201cDigital Citizenship.\u201d","author":"Lenhart","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B46","unstructured":"Media CS. Social Media, Social Life: How Teens View Their Digital Lives. A Common Sense Media Research Study. June 26, 2012. Available at: http:\/\/www.commonsensemedia.org\/research\/social-media-social-life.\u2008Accessed\u2008September\u200810, 2013"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B47","volume-title":"Teens and Social Media: The Use of Social Media Gains a Greater Foothold in Teen Life as They Embrace the Conversational Nature of Interactive Online Media","author":"Lenhart","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090613454820200_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v16n02_02","article-title":"Predatory online behavior: modus operandi of convicted sex offenders in identifying potential victims and contacting minors over the internet.","volume":"16","author":"Malesky","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Sex Abuse"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000248338.74943.85","article-title":"Impact of enhanced services on virologic outcomes in a directly administered antiretroviral therapy trial for HIV-infected drug users.","volume":"43","author":"Smith-Rohrberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2024090613454820200_B50"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/133\/3\/558\/1702834\/peds_2013-4061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/133\/3\/558\/1702834\/peds_2013-4061.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T13:46:28Z","timestamp":1725630388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/133\/3\/558\/32272\/Psychosocial-Support-for-Youth-Living-With-HIV"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-4061","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}}}