{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T15:54:11Z","timestamp":1773244451197,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Environmental factors such as serious trauma or abuse and related stress can lead to nightmares or night terrors. Being bullied can be very distressing for children, and victims display long-term social, psychological, and health consequences. Unknown is whether being bullied by peers may increase the risk for experiencing parasomnias such as nightmares, night terrors, or sleepwalking.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 6796 children of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort were interviewed at elementary school age (8 and 10 years) about bullying experiences with a previously validated bullying interview and at secondary school age (12.9 years) about parasomnias such as nightmares, night terrors and sleepwalking by trained postgraduate psychologists.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Even after adjusting for pre-existing factors related to bullying and parasomnias, being bullied predicted having nightmares (8 years odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05\u20131.44; 10 years OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.35\u20131.94) or night terrors (8 years OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10\u20131.75; 10 years OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18\u20131.98) at age 12 to 13 years. Especially being a chronic victim was associated with both nightmares (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.46\u20132.27) and night terrors (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.48\u20132.74). Being a bully\/victim also increased the risk for any parasomnia at ages 8 or 10 years (8 years OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08\u20131.88; 10 years OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.30\u20132.36). In contrast, bullies had no increased risk for any parasomnias.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Being bullied increases the risk for having parasomnias. Hence, parents, teachers, school counselors, and clinicians may consider asking about bullying experiences if a child is having parasomnias.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T05:14:04Z","timestamp":1410239644000},"page":"e1040-e1048","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Bullying and Parasomnias: A Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Dieter","family":"Wolke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom, and"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzet Tanya","family":"Lereya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United 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