{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:46:37Z","timestamp":1790127997833,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Overdiagnosis occurs when a true abnormality is discovered, but detection of that abnormality does not benefit the patient. It should be distinguished from misdiagnosis, in which the diagnosis is inaccurate, and it is not synonymous with overtreatment or overuse, in which excess medication or procedures are provided to patients for both correct and incorrect diagnoses. Overdiagnosis for adult conditions has gained a great deal of recognition over the last few years, led by realizations that certain screening initiatives, such as those for breast and prostate cancer, may be harming the very people they were designed to protect. In the fall of 2014, the second international Preventing Overdiagnosis Conference will be held, and the British Medical Journal will produce an overdiagnosis-themed journal issue. However, overdiagnosis in children has been less well described. This special article seeks to raise awareness of the possibility of overdiagnosis in pediatrics, suggesting that overdiagnosis may affect commonly diagnosed conditions such as attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, bacteremia, food allergy, hyperbilirubinemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and urinary tract infection. Through these and other examples, we discuss why overdiagnosis occurs and how it may be harming children. Additionally, we consider research and education strategies, with the goal to better elucidate pediatric overdiagnosis and mitigate its influence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T00:44:20Z","timestamp":1412642660000},"page":"1013-1023","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Overdiagnosis: How Our Compulsion for Diagnosis May Be Harming Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Coon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Inpatient Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Primary Children\u2019s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"Quinonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio Children\u2019s Hospital, San Antonio, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia A.","family":"Moyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Board of Pediatrics, Maintenance of Certification and Quality, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121015550841700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g366","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g366","article-title":"Twenty five year follow-up for breast cancer incidence and mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: randomised screening trial.","volume":"348","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"14","key":"2021121015550841700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012277","article-title":"Neuroblastoma screening at one year of age.","volume":"346","author":"Schilling","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021121015550841700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1533","article-title":"Lead-time and overdiagnosis estimation in neuroblastoma screening.","volume":"22","author":"Spix","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2021121015550841700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012387","article-title":"Screening of infants and mortality due to neuroblastoma.","volume":"346","author":"Woods","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B5","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Available at: http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015550841700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000474163","article-title":"Age and racial distribution of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.","volume":"30","author":"Sakr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B7","first-page":"CD004720","article-title":"Screening for prostate cancer.","volume":"1","author":"Ilic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"13","key":"2021121015550841700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810696","article-title":"Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial.","volume":"360","author":"Andriole","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021121015550841700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198711053171902","article-title":"Antibiotic administration to treat possible occult bacteremia in febrile children.","volume":"317","author":"Jaffe","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.1.44","article-title":"Urine testing and urinary tract infections in febrile infants seen in office settings: the Pediatric Research in Office Settings\u2019 Febrile Infant Study.","volume":"156","author":"Newman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021121015550841700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2564","article-title":"Effect of expanded newborn screening for biochemical genetic disorders on child outcomes and parental stress.","volume":"290","author":"Waisbren","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021121015550841700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.18.2164","article-title":"Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973\u20132002.","volume":"295","author":"Davies","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1086\/317655","article-title":"Bronchiolitis-associated mortality and estimates of respiratory syncytial virus-associated deaths among US children, 1979-1997.","volume":"183","author":"Shay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2476","article-title":"Evidence suggests there was not a \u201cresurgence\u201d of kernicterus in the 1990s.","volume":"127","author":"Brooks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B15","volume-title":"Overdiagnosed: Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health","author":"Welch","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B16","unstructured":"Preventing Overdiagnosis Conference. Available at: www.preventingoverdiagnosis.net\/"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f1271","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1271","article-title":"Winding back the harms of too much medicine.","volume":"346","author":"Moynihan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1635","article-title":"Numbers needed to treat with phototherapy according to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.","volume":"123","author":"Newman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0128","article-title":"Screening of infants for hyperbilirubinemia to prevent chronic bilirubin encephalopathy: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"124","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0899","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of strategies that are intended to prevent kernicterus in newborn infants.","volume":"114","author":"Suresh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00731.x","article-title":"Maternal and birth characteristics in relation to childhood leukaemia.","volume":"20","author":"Podvin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B22"},{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"2021121015550841700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53s","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X10378701","article-title":"Decision-making processes for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer screening: the DECISIONS survey","volume":"30","author":"Hoffman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015550841700_B24","first-page":"512","article-title":"The cascade effect in the clinical care of patients.","volume":"314","author":"Mold","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015550841700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12745","article-title":"The harms of screening: a proposed taxonomy and application to lung cancer screening.","volume":"174","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31826cbbbd","article-title":"A prospective study of expectant observation as primary therapy for neuroblastoma in young infants: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group study.","volume":"256","author":"Nuchtern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2014-0051","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of bacteremic urinary tract infection in infants","volume-title":"Hosp Pediatr","author":"Roman"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.775","article-title":"Risk factors for peripherally inserted central venous catheter complications in children.","volume":"167","author":"Jumani","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3070","article-title":"Influence of \u201cGERD\u201d label on parents\u2019 decision to medicate infants.","volume":"131","author":"Scherer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.34.1.58","article-title":"Reactions to the threatened loss of a child: a vulnerable child syndrome. Pediatric management of the dying child, part III.","volume":"34","author":"Green","year":"1964","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021121015550841700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196705042761804","article-title":"The morbidity of cardiac nondisease in schoolchildren.","volume":"276","author":"Bergman","year":"1967","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.4.757","article-title":"Perceptions of vulnerability 3 1\/2 years after problems of feeding and crying behavior in early infancy.","volume":"88","author":"Forsyth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0172","article-title":"Effect of neonatal jaundice and phototherapy on the frequency of first-year outpatient visits.","volume":"125","author":"Usatin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.5.773","article-title":"Jaundice, terminating breast-feeding, and the vulnerable child.","volume":"84","author":"Kemper","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1180","article-title":"Child and parental reports of bullying in a consecutive sample of children with food allergy.","volume":"131","author":"Shemesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0204","article-title":"The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States.","volume":"128","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B37","unstructured":"Food Allergy Research & Education. Food allergy bullying: it\u2019s not a joke. 2014; Available at: www.foodallergy.org\/its-not-a-joke#.Ur2nRPRDt8E"},{"issue":"14","key":"2021121015550841700_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.362","article-title":"Eliminating waste in US health care.","volume":"307","author":"Berwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015550841700_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1193","article-title":"Direct medical costs of bronchiolitis hospitalizations in the United States.","volume":"118","author":"Pelletier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015550841700_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904X20303","article-title":"Costs of attention deficit\u2013hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000.","volume":"21","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00005","article-title":"Do physicians understand cancer screening statistics? A national survey of primary care physicians in the United States.","volume":"156","author":"Wegwarth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B42","first-page":"35","article-title":"Reliance on high technology among senior medical students.","volume":"315","author":"Merrill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"485","key":"2021121015550841700_B43","first-page":"974","article-title":"Understanding laboratory testing in diagnostic uncertainty: a qualitative study in general practice","volume":"52","author":"van der Weijden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-9-155","article-title":"What causes increasing and unnecessary use of radiological investigations? A survey of radiologists\u2019 perceptions.","volume":"9","author":"Lysdahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015550841700_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.307","article-title":"Cranial computed tomography use among children with minor blunt head trauma: association with race\/ethnicity.","volume":"166","author":"Natale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B46","first-page":"240","article-title":"Tolerance of uncertainty and fears of making mistakes among fifth-year medical students.","volume":"44","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f4790","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4790","article-title":"Problem based learning, litigation, and EWTD contribute to too much medicine.","volume":"347","author":"Samadian","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B48"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021121015550841700_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.23.2789","article-title":"The perfect storm of overutilization.","volume":"299","author":"Emanuel","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121015550841700_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002929","article-title":"The epidemiology of malpractice claims in primary care: a systematic review.","volume":"3","author":"Wallace","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121015550841700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.155","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 views on defensive medicine: a national survey.","volume":"170","author":"Bishop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021121015550841700_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.437","article-title":"Too little? Too much? Primary care physicians\u2019 views on US health care: a brief report.","volume":"171","author":"Sirovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015550841700_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.12.006","article-title":"Is there empirical evidence for \u201cdefensive medicine\u201d? A reassessment.","volume":"28","author":"Sloan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B54","unstructured":"The Dartmouth Atlas Project. Supply-sensitive care. January 15, 2007. Available at: www.dartmouthatlas.org\/downloads\/reports\/supply_sensitive.pdf"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021121015550841700_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064637","article-title":"The quality of ambulatory care delivered to children in the United States.","volume":"357","author":"Mangione-Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0854","article-title":"Quality indicators for high acuity pediatric conditions.","volume":"132","author":"Stang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015550841700_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamainternmed.1022","article-title":"Trends in the overuse of ambulatory health care services in the United States.","volume":"173","author":"Kale","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1258\/shorts.2012.012043","article-title":"Requesting radiological investigations: do junior doctors know their patients? A cross-sectional survey","volume":"4","author":"Bosanquet","year":"2013","journal-title":"JRSM Short Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121015550841700_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.03.037","article-title":"The frequency and cost of redundant laboratory testing for transferred ED patients.","volume":"31","author":"Rogg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030191","article-title":"The fight against disease mongering: generating knowledge for action.","volume":"3","author":"Moynihan","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015550841700_B61","first-page":"76","article-title":"Changing disease definitions: implications for disease prevalence. Analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994.","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eff Clin Pract"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B62","author":"Ricks"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015550841700_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001500","article-title":"Expanding disease definitions in guidelines and expert panel ties to industry: a cross-sectional study of common conditions in the United States.","volume":"10","author":"Moynihan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2654","article-title":"ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.","volume":"128","author":"Wolraich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B65"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021121015550841700_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1201794","article-title":"Grief, depression, and the DSM-5.","volume":"366","author":"Friedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121015550841700_B67","first-page":"669","article-title":"Direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising: therapeutic or toxic?","volume":"36","author":"Ventola","year":"2011","journal-title":"P T"},{"issue":"7600","key":"2021121015550841700_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39185.394005.AD","article-title":"Should patient groups accept money from drug companies? No.","volume":"334","author":"Mintzes","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B69"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.1.71","article-title":"Enthusiasm for cancer screening in the United States.","volume":"291","author":"Schwartz","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015550841700_B71","first-page":"513","article-title":"Screening for cancer: evaluating the evidence.","volume":"63","author":"Gates","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B72","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Available at: www.choosingwisely.org\/doctor-patient-lists\/american-academy-of-pediatrics\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121015550841700_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2064","article-title":"Choosing wisely in pediatric hospital medicine: five opportunities for improved healthcare value","volume":"8","author":"Quinonez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B74","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force. Section 3: topic work plan development. Available at: www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf08\/methods\/procmanual3.htm"},{"issue":"22","key":"2021121015550841700_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.10363","article-title":"Less is more: overdiagnosis and overtreatment: evaluation of what physicians tell their patients about screening harms.","volume":"173","author":"Wegwarth","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B76","first-page":"CD001431","article-title":"Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions.","volume":"1","author":"Stacey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b3823","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3823","article-title":"Diagnosis in general practice. Using probabilistic reasoning.","volume":"339","author":"Doust","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021121015550841700_B78","unstructured":"University of Colorado School of Medicine. Welcome to the Do No Harm Project. Available at: www.ucdenver.edu\/academics\/colleges\/medicalschool\/departments\/medicine\/GIM\/education\/DoNoHarmProject\/Pages\/Welcome.aspx"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000331565","article-title":"Holding the line against diagnostic inflation in psychiatry.","volume":"81","author":"Batstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015550841700_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.6.1389","article-title":"Previously healthy infants may have increased risk of aspiration during respiratory syncytial viral bronchiolitis.","volume":"104","author":"Khoshoo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.4.1190","article-title":"Chronic aspiration without gastroesophageal reflux as a cause of chronic respiratory symptoms in neurologically normal infants.","volume":"120","author":"Sheikh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121015550841700_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.334","article-title":"Effectiveness of fundoplication at the time of gastrostomy in infants with neurological impairment.","volume":"167","author":"Barnhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2010.06.003","article-title":"The importance of relative standards in ADHD diagnoses: evidence based on exact birth dates.","volume":"29","author":"Elder","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121015550841700_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.111619","article-title":"Influence of relative age on diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"184","author":"Morrow","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31829425f5","article-title":"Why so many epidemics of childhood mental disorder?","volume":"34","author":"Frances","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015550841700_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181b99c72","article-title":"Risk factors, complications, and outcomes of gallstones in children: a single-center review.","volume":"50","author":"Bogue","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2382","article-title":"Allergy testing in childhood: using allergen-specific IgE tests.","volume":"129","author":"Sicherer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.07.026","article-title":"National prevalence and risk factors for food allergy and relationship to asthma: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005\u20132006","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allerg Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015550841700_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170430035007","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy. A pediatric practice-based survey.","volume":"151","author":"Nelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015550841700_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.1061","article-title":"Natural history and familial relationships of infant spilling to 9 years of age.","volume":"109","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.09.054","article-title":"Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"154","author":"Orenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3111\/13696990903378680","article-title":"Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease and acid-related conditions: trends in incidence of diagnosis and acid suppression therapy.","volume":"12","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31812e0149","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor utilization patterns in infants.","volume":"45","author":"Barron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2980","article-title":"Impact of universal bilirubin screening on severe hyperbilirubinemia and phototherapy use.","volume":"124","author":"Kuzniewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1338","article-title":"The effect of instituting a prehospital-discharge newborn bilirubin screening program in an 18-hospital health system.","volume":"117","author":"Eggert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015550841700_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1916","article-title":"Universal screening and drug treatment of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents.","volume":"307","author":"Psaty","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015550841700_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.2012","article-title":"Is universal pediatric lipid screening justified?","volume":"307","author":"Gillman","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015550841700_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0481","article-title":"Overly aggressive new guidelines for lipid screening in children: evidence of a broken process.","volume":"130","author":"Newman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121015550841700_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22075","article-title":"Cholesterol screening and management in children and young adults should start early\u2014NO!","volume":"35","author":"Schroeder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021121015550841700_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.15.1440","article-title":"Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among US children, 1980\u20131996.","volume":"282","author":"Shay","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015550841700_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.e45","article-title":"Bronchiolitis management preferences and the influence of pulse oximetry and respiratory rate on the decision to admit.","volume":"111","author":"Mallory","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015550841700_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.6.527","article-title":"Impact of pulse oximetry and oxygen therapy on length of stay in bronchiolitis hospitalizations.","volume":"158","author":"Schroeder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015550841700_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1135","article-title":"Effect of oxygen supplementation on length of stay for infants hospitalized with acute viral bronchiolitis.","volume":"121","author":"Unger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015550841700_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1086\/320602","article-title":"Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) mutations identified by MS\/MS-based prospective screening of newborns differ from those observed in patients with clinical symptoms: identification and characterization of a new, prevalent mutation that results in mild MCAD deficiency.","volume":"68","author":"Andresen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121015550841700_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.3349","article-title":"Localized infant neuroblastomas often show spontaneous regression: results of the prospective trials NB95-S and NB97.","volume":"26","author":"Hero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"25","key":"2021121015550841700_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215881","article-title":"A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea.","volume":"368","author":"Marcus","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015550841700_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.01.033","article-title":"Tonsillectomy: a procedure in search of evidence.","volume":"160","author":"Goodman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015550841700_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.01.044","article-title":"Changes in incidence and indications of tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy, 1970\u20132005.","volume":"140","author":"Erickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015550841700_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.02.027","article-title":"Isolated skull fractures: trends in management in US pediatric emergency departments.","volume":"62","author":"Mannix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121015550841700_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.12.019","article-title":"Neurologically intact children with an isolated skull fracture may be safely discharged after brief observation.","volume":"46","author":"Rollins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015550841700_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70158-6","article-title":"Infants with isolated skull fracture: what are their clinical characteristics, and do they require hospitalization?","volume":"30","author":"Greenes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015550841700_B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0063-0","article-title":"Ten-year results of randomized treatment of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux. Final report of the International Reflux Study in Children.","volume":"21","author":"Jodal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"25","key":"2021121015550841700_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367\u2013","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401811","article-title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"370","author":"Hoberman","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/134\/5\/1013\/912503\/peds_2014-1778.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/134\/5\/1013\/912503\/peds_2014-1778.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:02:56Z","timestamp":1650326576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/134\/5\/1013\/75907\/Overdiagnosis-How-Our-Compulsion-for-Diagnosis-May"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-1778","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]}}}