{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:21:09Z","timestamp":1790486469564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n Both obesity and developmental disabilities have increased in recent decades. Limited studies suggest associations between maternal prepregnancy obesity and child neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n The Infant Feeding Practices Study II, a US nationally distributed longitudinal study of maternal health and infant health and feeding practices, was conducted from 2005 to 2007. In 2012, mothers were recontacted for information on their children\u2019s health and development. We examined associations between maternal prepregnancy BMI and child psychosocial development in 1311 mother\u2013child pairs included in this follow-up study. Children\u2019s development was assessed by maternal report of child psychosocial difficulties from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, past developmental diagnoses, and receipt of special needs services.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, children of obese class II\/III mothers (BMI &gt;35.0) had increased odds of emotional symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27\u20133.98), peer problems (aOR 2.07; 95% CI, 1.26\u20133.40), total psychosocial difficulties (aOR 2.17; 95% CI, 1.24\u20133.77), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis (aOR 4.55; 95% CI, 1.80\u201311.46), autism or developmental delay diagnosis (aOR 3.13; 95% CI, 1.10\u20138.94), receipt of speech language therapy (aOR 1.93; 95% CI, 1.18\u20133.15), receipt of psychological services (aOR 2.27; 95% CI, 1.09\u20134.73), and receipt of any special needs service (aOR 1.99; 95% CI, 1.33\u20132.97) compared with children of normal weight mothers (BMI 18.5\u201324.9). Adjustment for potential causal pathway factors including pregnancy weight gain, gestational diabetes, breastfeeding duration, postpartum depression, and child\u2019s birth weight did not substantially affect most estimates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n Children whose mothers were severely obese before pregnancy had increased risk for adverse developmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,28]],"date-time":"2015-04-28T00:32:43Z","timestamp":1430181163000},"page":"e1198-e1209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Child Psychosocial Development at 6 Years of Age"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Heejoo","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities,"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Schieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Atlanta, Georgia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie N.","family":"Hinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruowei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer N.","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Atlanta, Georgia; and"},{"name":"Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, and"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907133450200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.39","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999\u20132010.","volume":"307","author":"Flegal","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"65","key":"2021120907133450200_B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder in school-aged U.S. children: 2007 to 2011\u20132012.","author":"Blumberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120907133450200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2989","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997\u20132008.","volume":"127","author":"Boyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"48","key":"2021120907133450200_B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identifying emotional and behavioral problems in children aged 4\u201317 years: United States, 2001\u20132007.","author":"Pastor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120907133450200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.02.015","article-title":"Is obesity still increasing among pregnant women? Prepregnancy obesity trends in 20 states, 2003\u20132009.","volume":"56","author":"Fisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907133450200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0074","article-title":"Obesity, pregnancy, inflammation, and vascular function.","volume":"140","author":"Denison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907133450200_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"r711","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00310.2010","article-title":"Maternal obesity and fetal metabolic programming: a fertile epigenetic soil.","volume":"299","author":"Heerwagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907133450200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.7156\/v4i4p217","article-title":"Maternal diabetes and autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: a review of epidemiological evidence and potential 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