{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:32:30Z","timestamp":1789050750508,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acellular pertussis vaccines replaced whole-cell vaccines for the 5-dose childhood vaccination series in 1997. A sixth dose of pertussis-containing vaccine, tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis, adsorbed (Tdap), was recommended in 2005 for adolescents and adults. Studies examining Tdap vaccine effectiveness (VE) among adolescents who have received all acellular vaccines are limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess Tdap VE and duration of protection, we conducted a matched case-control study during the 2012 pertussis epidemic in Washington among adolescents born during 1993\u20132000. All pertussis cases reported from January 1 through June 30, 2012, in 7 counties were included; 3 controls were matched by primary provider clinic and birth year to each case. Vaccination histories were obtained through medical records, the state immunization registry, and parent interviews. Participants were classified by type of pertussis vaccine received on the basis of birth year: a mix of whole-cell and acellular vaccines (1993\u20131997) or all acellular vaccines (1998\u20132000). We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios comparing Tdap receipt between cases and controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among adolescents who received all acellular vaccines (450 cases, 1246 controls), overall Tdap VE was 63.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50% to 74%). VE within 1 year of vaccination was 73% (95% CI: 60% to 82%). At 2 to 4 years postvaccination, VE declined to 34% (95% CI: \u22120.03% to 58%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tdap protection wanes within 2 to 4 years. Lack of long-term protection after vaccination is likely contributing to increases in pertussis among adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T00:11:19Z","timestamp":1430784679000},"page":"981-989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Tdap Vaccine Effectiveness in Adolescents During the 2012 Washington State Pertussis Epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Acosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office,"},{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Disease Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chas","family":"DeBolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Tasslimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Office, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie K.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara K.","family":"Misegades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Disease Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Messonnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Disease Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Disease Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey W.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Disease Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Disease Branch, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121113054812700_B1","unstructured":"Division of Integrated Surveillance Systems and Services, National Center for Public Health Informatics, Coordinating Center for Health Information and Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services. National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/pertussis\/surv-reporting.html. Accessed August 12, 2013"},{"issue":"28","key":"2021121113054812700_B2","first-page":"517","article-title":"Pertussis epidemic\u2014Washington, 2012.","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121113054812700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.041","article-title":"California pertussis epidemic, 2010.","volume":"161","author":"Winter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021121113054812700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.14939","article-title":"Association of childhood pertussis with receipt of 5 doses of pertussis vaccine by time since last vaccine dose, California, 2010.","volume":"308","author":"Misegades","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121113054812700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200850","article-title":"Waning protection after fifth dose of acellular pertussis vaccine in children.","volume":"367","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121113054812700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1047","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1928","article-title":"Waning immunity to pertussis following 5 doses of DTaP.","volume":"131","author":"Tartof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f4249","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4249","article-title":"Effectiveness of pertussis vaccines for adolescents and adults: case-control study.","volume":"347","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121113054812700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318185608e","article-title":"Pertussis vaccine effectiveness after mass immunization of high school students in Australia.","volume":"28","author":"Rank","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B9"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121113054812700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1086\/653938","article-title":"Effectiveness of adolescent and adult tetanus, reduced-dose diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine against pertussis.","volume":"51","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121113054812700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu322","article-title":"Estimating the effectiveness of tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) for preventing pertussis: evidence of rapidly waning immunity and difference in effectiveness by Tdap brand.","volume":"210","author":"Koepke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"34","key":"2021121113054812700_B12","first-page":"685","article-title":"National and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years\u2014United States, 2012.","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B13","first-page":"25","article-title":"Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance.","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B14","unstructured":"Washington State Department of Health. Pertussis: reporting and surveillance guidelines. Available at: www.doh.wa.gov\/Portals\/1\/Documents\/5100\/420-066-Guideline-Pertussis.pdf#nameddest=casedef. Accessed August 12, 2013"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B15","unstructured":"Washington State Department of Health. About the Washington State Immunization Information System. Available at: www.doh.wa.gov\/ForPublicHealthandHealthcareProviders\/HealthcareProfessionsandFacilities\/DataReportingandRetrieval\/ImmunizationInformationSystem\/Aboutus.aspx. Accessed February 14, 2014"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pertussis vaccination: use of acellular pertussis vaccines among infants and young children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121113054812700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(00)00212-9","article-title":"Calling the shots: immunization finance policies and practices. Executive summary of the report of the Institute of Medicine.","volume":"19","author":"Guyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B18"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adolescents: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).","volume":"55","author":"Broder","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"34","key":"2021121113054812700_B20","first-page":"671","article-title":"National and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years\u2014United States, 2011.","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021121113054812700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050824","article-title":"Efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine among adolescents and adults.","volume":"353","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121113054812700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.1093","article-title":"Early impact of the US Tdap vaccination program on pertussis trends.","volume":"166","author":"Skoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"47","key":"2021121113054812700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.052","article-title":"IgG responses after booster vaccination with different pertussis vaccines in Dutch children 4 years of age: effect of vaccine antigen content.","volume":"27","author":"Hendrikx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021121113054812700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.004","article-title":"Persistence at one year of age of antigen-induced cellular immune responses in preterm infants vaccinated against whooping cough: comparison of three different vaccines and effect of a booster dose.","volume":"31","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121113054812700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.6.2168-2174.1997","article-title":"Vaccine- and antigen-dependent type 1 and type 2 cytokine induction after primary vaccination of infants with whole-cell or acellular pertussis vaccines.","volume":"65","author":"Ausiello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121113054812700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.11.1841","article-title":"Protective immunity to Bordetella pertussis requires both B cells and CD4(+) T cells for key functions other than specific antibody production.","volume":"191","author":"Leef","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121113054812700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017271","article-title":"Acellular pertussis booster in adolescents induces Th1 and memory CD8+ T cell immune response.","volume":"6","author":"Rieber","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"40","key":"2021121113054812700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.07.055","article-title":"Different IgG-subclass distributions after whole-cell and acellular pertussis infant primary vaccinations in healthy and pertussis infected children.","volume":"29","author":"Hendrikx","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121113054812700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314688110","article-title":"Acellular pertussis vaccines protect against disease but fail to prevent infection and transmission in a nonhuman primate model.","volume":"111","author":"Warfel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121113054812700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00717-13","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of pertactin-deficient Bordetella pertussis in the United States.","volume":"21","author":"Pawloski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121113054812700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1209369","article-title":"Pertactin-negative variants of Bordetella pertussis in the United States.","volume":"368","author":"Queenan","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B32","unstructured":"Kamiya H. Decision and cost effectiveness analysis: a second dose of Tdap. Talk presented at: Meeting of the Advisory Council on Immunization Practices; June 19, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/acip\/meetings\/downloads\/min-archive\/min-jun13.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2013"},{"issue":"22","key":"2021121113054812700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.058","article-title":"Barriers to early uptake of tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) among adults-United States, 2005-2007.","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2021121113054812700_B34","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Pertussis vaccines: working group conclusions on a second dose of Tdap. Talk presented at: Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; June 19, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/acip\/meetings\/downloads\/min-archive\/min-jun13.pdf. 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