{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:14:41Z","timestamp":1789071281726,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibiotics have direct effects on the human intestinal microbiota, particularly in infancy. Antibacterial agents promote growth in farm animals by unknown mechanisms, but little is known about their effects on human weight gain. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of antibiotic exposure during infancy on weight and height in healthy Finnish children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The population-based cohort comprised 6114 healthy boys and 5948 healthy girls having primary care weight and height measurements and drug purchase data from birth to 24 months. BMI and height, expressed as z-scores at the median age of 24 months (interquartile range 24 to 26 months), were compared between children exposed and unexposed to antibiotics using analysis of covariance with perinatal factors as covariates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exposed children were on average heavier than unexposed children (adjusted BMI-for-age z-score difference in boys 0.13 SD [95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.19, P &amp;lt; .001] and in girls 0.07 SD [0.01 to 0.13, P &amp;lt; .05]). The effect was most pronounced after exposure to macrolides before 6 months of age (boys 0.28 [0.11 to 0.46]; girls 0.23 [0.04 to 0.42]) or &amp;gt;1 exposure (boys 0.20 [0.10 to 0.30]; girls 0.13 [0.03 to 0.22]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibiotic exposure before 6 months of age, or repeatedly during infancy, was associated with increased body mass in healthy children. Such effects may play a role in the worldwide childhood obesity epidemic and highlight the importance of judicious use of antibiotics during infancy, favoring narrow-spectrum antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T07:05:14Z","timestamp":1427871914000},"page":"617-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":323,"title":["Antibiotic Exposure in Infancy and Risk of Being Overweight in the First 24 Months of Life"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Antti","family":"Saari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauri J.","family":"Virta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Social Insurance Institution, Turku, Finland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Sankilampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Dunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Saxen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120907071050400_B1","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2009. 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