{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:32:53Z","timestamp":1792337573050,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extremely preterm infants and infants born to adolescent mothers are at risk for adverse developmental. The objectives were to evaluate development and behavior outcomes of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants born to adolescent mothers &amp;lt;20 compared with adult mothers \u226520 years and to identify socioeconomic risk factors that affect outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retrospective cohort analysis of 211 infants &amp;gt;27 weeks of adolescent mothers and 1723 infants of adult mothers at Neonatal Research Network centers from 2008 to 2011. Groups were compared and regression models were run to predict 18- to 22-month adverse outcomes. Primary outcomes were Bayley-III scores, neurodevelopmental impairment, and Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment problem scores (BITSEA\/P) \u226575th percentile.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adolescent mothers were more often single, Hispanic, less educated, and had public insurance. By 18 to 22 months, their children had significantly increased rates of having lived \u22653 places (21% vs 9%), state supervision (7% vs 3%), rehospitalization (56% vs 46%), and BITSEA\/P \u226575th percentile (50% vs 32%) and nonsignificant Bayley-III language scores &amp;lt;85 (56% vs 49%, P = .07). In regression analysis, children of adolescent mothers were more likely to have BITSEA\/P \u226575th percentile (relative risk 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.08\u20132.07). Living \u22653 places and nonwhite race were predictors of adverse behavior. State supervision was an independent predictor of each Bayley-III composite &amp;lt;70 and neurodevelopmental impairment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ELBW infants of adolescent mothers experience high social and environmental risks that are associated with adverse behavior outcomes. These findings inform the need for comprehensive follow-up, coordinated care services, and behavior interventions for ELBW infants of adolescent mothers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]],"date-time":"2015-05-12T00:31:59Z","timestamp":1431390719000},"page":"1082-1092","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Developmental Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants Born to Adolescent Mothers"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Laurie","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Bann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Vohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021121021094662500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(03)00055-7","article-title":"The NICHD neonatal research network: changes in practice and outcomes during the first 15 years.","volume":"27","author":"Fanaroff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121021094662500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.1999.0001","article-title":"Outcomes of children of extremely low birthweight and gestational age in the 1990s.","volume":"5","author":"Hack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121021094662500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2247","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants &lt;32 weeks\u2019 gestation between 1993 and 1998.","volume":"116","author":"Vohr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121021094662500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.20","article-title":"Underestimation of developmental delay by the new Bayley-III Scale.","volume":"164","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121021094662500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199404000-00006","article-title":"Developmental delay in healthy premature infants at age two years: implications for early intervention.","volume":"15","author":"Censullo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121021094662500_B6"},{"key":"2021121021094662500_B7"},{"key":"2021121021094662500_B8"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121021094662500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2307\/1129276","article-title":"Teenage, lower-class, black mothers and their preterm infants: an intervention and developmental follow-up.","volume":"51","author":"Field","year":"1980","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121021094662500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0355(199624)17:4<302::AID-IMHJ2>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Relating the adolescent mother\u2013child relationship to preschool outcomes.","volume":"17","author":"Hann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121021094662500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12019","article-title":"SES differences in language processing skill and vocabulary are evident at 18 months.","volume":"16","author":"Fernald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121021094662500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(95)00168-R","article-title":"Grandmother co-residence, parenting, and child development among low income, urban teen mothers.","volume":"18","author":"Black","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121021094662500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282906297199","article-title":"Test Review of Bayley, N. 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