{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:57:25Z","timestamp":1790521045751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous research has described variability in medical evaluation of suspected abuse. The objective of this study was to identify, through expert consensus, required and highly recommended elements of a child abuse pediatrics (CAP) evaluation for 3 common presentations of suspected physical abuse in children aged 0 to 60 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-eight CAPs recruited from 2 national organizations formed the expert panel for this modified Delphi Process. An initial survey was developed for each presentation based on demographics, history of present illness, past medical, family and social history, laboratory, radiology, and consultation elements present in at least 10% of CAP consultations collected for a larger study. CAPs ranked each element on a 9-point scale then reviewed and discussed summary results through a project blog over 3 rounds. Required and highly recommended elements were defined as elements ranked as 9 and 8, respectively, by \u226575% of experts after the final round.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 96 elements in the initial surveys, experts identified 30 Required elements and 37 Highly Recommended elements for CAP evaluation of intracranial hemorrhage, 21 Required and 33 Highly Recommended elements for CAP evaluation of long bone fracture, and 18 Required and 16 Highly Recommended elements for CAP evaluation of isolated skull fracture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This guideline reflects expert consensus and provides a starting point for development of child abuse assessment protocols for quality improvement or research. Additional research is required to determine whether this guideline can reduce variability and\/or improve reliability in the evaluation and diagnosis of child physical abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-4192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T00:20:39Z","timestamp":1435018839000},"page":"35-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Critical Elements in the Medical Evaluation of Suspected Child Physical Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Kristine A.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenora M.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather T.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120820491278100_B1","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment 2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820491278100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0922","article-title":"Incidence of serious injuries due to physical abuse in the United States: 1997 to 2009.","volume":"130","author":"Leventhal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120820491278100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0195","article-title":"Evaluation for bleeding disorders in suspected child abuse.","volume":"131","author":"Anderst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820491278100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0408","article-title":"Abusive head trauma in infants and children.","volume":"123","author":"Christian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820491278100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3793","article-title":"Evaluating children with fractures for child physical abuse.","volume":"133","author":"Flaherty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120820491278100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0883","article-title":"Evaluation of suspected child physical abuse.","volume":"119","author":"Kellogg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120820491278100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1397","article-title":"The eye examination in the evaluation of child abuse [published correction appears in Pediatrics. 126(5):1053].","volume":"126","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120820491278100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.06.009","article-title":"Has this child been abused? 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