{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:49:21Z","timestamp":1790048961770,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the association between neonatal phototherapy use and childhood cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 499\u2009621 children born at \u226535 weeks\u2019 gestation from 1995 to 2011 in Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals, who survived to hospital discharge and were followed \u226560 days. We obtained data on home and inpatient phototherapy, covariates, and cancer incidence from electronic records. We used propensity-adjusted Cox and Poisson models to control for confounding and unequal follow-up times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 60 children with a diagnosis of cancer among 39\u2009403 exposed to phototherapy (25 per 100\u2009000 person-years), compared with 651 of 460\u2009218 unexposed children (18 per 100\u2009000 person-years; incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.4; P = .01). Phototherapy was associated with increased rates of any leukemia (IRR 2.1; P = .0007), nonlymphocytic leukemia (IRR 4.0; P = .0004), and liver cancer (IRR 5.2; P = .04). With adjustment for a propensity score that incorporated bilirubin levels, chromosomal disorders, congenital anomalies, and other covariates, associations were no longer statistically significant: Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.0 (0.7\u20131.6) for any cancer, 1.6 (0.8\u20133.5) for any leukemia, 1.9 (0.6\u20136.9) for nonlymphocytic leukemia, and 1.4 (0.2\u201312) for liver cancer. Upper limits of 95% confidence intervals for adjusted 10-year excess risk were generally &amp;lt;0.1% but reached 4.4% for children with Down syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although phototherapy use was associated with increased cancer rates (particularly nonlymphocytic leukemia), control for confounding variables eliminated or attenuated the associations. Nonetheless, the possibility of even partial causality suggests that avoiding unnecessary phototherapy may be prudent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]],"date-time":"2016-05-23T16:17:03Z","timestamp":1464020223000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Retrospective Cohort Study of Phototherapy and Childhood Cancer in Northern California"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and"},{"name":"Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Wickremasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara, Santa Clara, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen M.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Kuzniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2021120904523830800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0708376","article-title":"Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice.","volume":"358","author":"Maisels","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120904523830800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1454-1","article-title":"The side effects of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice: what do we know? 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