{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T19:36:54Z","timestamp":1774294614444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether lidocaine is superior to nonanesthetic lubricant (NAL) for relieving pain in children undergoing urethral catheterization (UC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children 0 to 24 months requiring UC were randomized to NAL or topical and intraurethral 2% lidocaine gel. Primary outcome was facial grimacing in the pre to during drug administration and catheterization phases. Secondary outcome was caregiver satisfaction by using a Visual Analog Scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 133 participants (n = 68 lidocaine, n = 65 NAL). There were no significant differences in mean (SD) scores during UC between lidocaine and NAL (86.4% [121.5%] vs 85.2% [126.6%]), respectively (\u0394 [confidence interval (CI)] = \u22121.2 [\u221221.0 to 49.0], P = .4). There was a significantly greater difference in mean (SD) scores during instillation of lidocaine versus NAL (61.8% [105.6%] vs 3.2% [84.9%]), respectively (\u0394 [CI] \u201358.6 [\u201395.0 to \u201332.0], P &amp;lt; .001). There were no significant differences in mean (SD) parental satisfaction scores between lidocaine and NAL (4.8 [3.2] vs 5.9 [2.9]), respectively (CI\u20130.1 to 2.2; P = .06). In the subgroup analysis, age, gender, and positive urine culture did not significantly influence between-group differences in facial grimacing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with NAL, topical and intraurethral lidocaine is not associated with significant pain reduction during UC, but significantly greater pain during instillation. Therefore, clinicians may consider using noninvasive pain-reducing strategies for young children who require UC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T00:34:55Z","timestamp":1443486895000},"page":"e879-e886","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Intraurethral Lidocaine for Urethral Catheterization in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Naveen","family":"Poonai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada;"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Health Research Institute, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, 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