{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:18:50Z","timestamp":1789730330743,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Substance use is associated with sexual risk behaviors among youth, but little is known about whether nonmedical prescription drug use, an increasingly common behavior, is associated with sexual risk behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data from the 2011 and 2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, cross-sectional surveys conducted among nationally representative samples of students in grades 9 to 12 were combined (n = 29\u2009008) to examine the association between ever taking prescription drugs without a doctor\u2019s prescription and sexual risk behaviors (ever having sexual intercourse, current sexual activity, lifetime number of sexual partners, condom use, and alcohol or drug use before last sexual intercourse). Using logistic regression models (adjusted for sex, race\/ethnicity, grade, ever injection drug use, and use of alcohol, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamines, ecstasy, and inhalants), we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) was associated with ever having sexual intercourse (aPR 1.16 [95% CI 1.11\u20131.22]), being currently sexually active (1.26 [1.20\u20131.33]), having \u22654 lifetime sexual partners (1.45 [1.34\u20131.57]), drinking alcohol or using drugs before last sexual intercourse (1.32 [1.17\u20131.48]), and not using a condom at last sexual intercourse (1.14 [1.05\u20131.23]). As the frequency of NMUPD increased, the association between NMUPD and each of the sexual risk behaviors increased in strength, suggesting a dose\u2013response relationship.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NMUPD is associated with sexual behaviors that put high school students at risk for sexually transmitted infections. These findings can be used to inform clinical and school-based interventions developed to reduce drug use and sexually transmitted infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T02:43:15Z","timestamp":1450147395000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs and Sexual Risk Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Heather B.","family":"Clayton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Adolescent and School Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Lowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Adolescent and School Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euna","family":"August","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Everett Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Adolescent and School Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120907222851600_B1","unstructured":"Warner\u2008M, Hedegaard\u2008H, Chen\u2008L. Trends in drug-poisoning deaths involving opioid analgesics and heroin: United States, 1999-2012. NCHS Health E-Stat, Updated December 2, 2014. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/hestat\/drug_poisoning\/drug_poisoning.htm. Accessed August 10, 2015"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B2","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Highlights of the 2011 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Findings on Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. The Dawn Report. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013. Available at: www.samhsa.gov\/data\/2k13\/DAWN127\/sr127-DAWN-highlights.htm. Accessed October 26, 2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907222851600_B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Youth risk behavior surveillance \u2013 United States, 2013.","volume":"63","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B4","unstructured":"Miech\u2008RA, Johnston\u2008LD, O\u2019Malley\u2008PM, Bachman\u2008JG, Schulenberg\u2008JE. Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use 1975-2014. Volume 1: Secondary School Students. Available at: www.monitoringthefuture.org\/\/pubs\/monographs\/mtf-vol1_2014.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907222851600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.12.009","article-title":"Illicit use of opioid analgesics by high school seniors.","volume":"28","author":"McCabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120907222851600_B6","first-page":"745","article-title":"Characterizing adolescent prescription misusers: a population-based study.","volume":"47","author":"Schepis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907222851600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.02.013","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among teenagers in the United States: trends and correlates.","volume":"37","author":"Sung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907222851600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.01.011","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription medications among adolescents in the United States: a systematic review.","volume":"51","author":"Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120907222851600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2008.00360.x","article-title":"Methamphetamine use is independently associated with recent risky sexual behaviors and adolescent pregnancy.","volume":"78","author":"Zapata","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907222851600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9669-0","article-title":"Number of sexual partners and associations with initiation and intensity of substance use.","volume":"15","author":"Cavazos-Rehg","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120907222851600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.7.1116","article-title":"Substance use and HIV-related sexual behaviors among US high school students: are they related?","volume":"84","author":"Lowry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907222851600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2012.03.001","article-title":"Brief report: Pregnant by age 15 years and substance use initiation among US adolescent girls.","volume":"35","author":"Cavazos-Rehg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907222851600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2307\/2673782","article-title":"Timing of alcohol and other drug use and sexual risk behaviors among unmarried adolescents and young adults.","volume":"33","author":"Santelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907222851600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(99)00051-8","article-title":"Relationship between number of sexual intercourse partners and selected health risk behaviors among public high school adolescents.","volume":"25","author":"Valois","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000661","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000661","article-title":"Clustering of substance use and sexual risk behaviour in adolescence: analysis of two cohort studies.","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907222851600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.12.025","article-title":"Predictors of multiple sexual partners from adolescence through young adulthood.","volume":"55","author":"Vasilenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120907222851600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.259","article-title":"Prescription drug misuse and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults.","volume":"75","author":"Bonar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120907222851600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.03.023","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 nonmedical use of prescription medications and other problem behaviors.","volume":"45","author":"Boyd","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.011","article-title":"Prescription drug misuse among homeless youth.","volume":"138","author":"Rhoades","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2021120907222851600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.08.027","article-title":"Non-medical use of prescription drugs and sexual risk behavior in young adults.","volume":"36","author":"Benotsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907222851600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.07.002","article-title":"Injection and sexual HIV\/HCV risk behaviors associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids among young adults in New York City.","volume":"48","author":"Mateu-Gelabert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120907222851600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2014.918085","article-title":"Prescription drug misuse and sexual behavior among young adults.","volume":"52","author":"Wells","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methodology of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System\u20142013.","volume":"62","author":"Brener","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907222851600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00339-7","article-title":"Reliability of the 1999 youth risk behavior survey questionnaire.","volume":"31","author":"Brener","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907222851600_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1633907","article-title":"Different methods to calculate effect estimates in cross-sectional studies. A comparison between prevalence odds ratio and prevalence ratio.","volume":"43","author":"Behrens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907222851600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.220","article-title":"Relationship between prevalence rate ratios and odds ratios in cross-sectional studies.","volume":"26","author":"Zocchetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907222851600_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.12.003","article-title":"Combinations of prescription drug misuse and illicit drugs among young adults.","volume":"39","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907222851600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2449","article-title":"Simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription stimulants, alcohol and other drugs: a multi-cohort national study of US adolescents.","volume":"30","author":"McCabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120907222851600_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.10.004","article-title":"\u201cEvery \u2018never\u2019 I ever said came true\u201d: transitions from opioid pills to heroin injecting.","volume":"25","author":"Mars","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120907222851600_B30","first-page":"133","article-title":"HIV infection and HIV-associated behaviors among injecting drug users\u201420 cities, United States, 2009.","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2021120907222851600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.007","article-title":"Heroin use and heroin use risk behaviors among nonmedical users of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 2002-2004 and 2008-2010.","volume":"132","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B32","unstructured":"Chapman\u2008C, Laird\u2008J, Ifill\u2008N, KewalRamani\u2008A. Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972-2009. NCES 2012-006. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education. Available at: nces.ed.gov\/pubs2012\/2012006.pdf. Accessed September 17, 2015"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B33","unstructured":"Healthy People 2020 Objectives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. Updated September 15, 2015. Available at: www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/topics-objectives\/topic\/adolescent-health\/objectives. Accessed September 17, 2015"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B34","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices. Updated August 27, 2015. Available at: www.nrepp.samhsa.gov\/. Accessed September 17, 2015"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B35","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Updated September 10, 2015. Available at: www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUH-DetTabs2014\/NSDUH-DetTabs2014.pdf. Accessed September 15, 2015"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B36","unstructured":"State Laws on Prescription Drug Misuse and Abuse. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated April 20, 2015. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/phlp\/publications\/topic\/prescription.html. Accessed September 20, 2015"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B37","unstructured":"National Take-Back Initiative. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice. Available at: www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_disposal\/takeback\/index.html. Accessed September 17, 2015"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B38","unstructured":"Disposal Act: General Public Fact Sheet. Springfield, VA: Drug Enforcement Administration. Available at: www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_disposal\/fact_sheets\/disposal_public.pdf. Accessed September 17, 2015"},{"key":"2021120907222851600_B39","unstructured":"Combating Prescription Drug Abuse and Diversion. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association. Available at: www.ama-assn.org\/ama\/pub\/advocacy\/topics\/combating-prescription-drug-abuse-diversion.page. Accessed September 17, 2015"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2480\/1061133\/peds_20152480.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2480\/1061133\/peds_20152480.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T02:05:03Z","timestamp":1639101903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/137\/1\/e20152480\/52878\/Nonmedical-Use-of-Prescription-Drugs-and-Sexual"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2480","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"article-number":"e20152480"}}