{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:57:00Z","timestamp":1787911020615,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n Many urban youth experiencesignificant and unremitting negative stressors, including those associated with community violence, multigenerational poverty, failing educational systems, substance use, limited avenues for success, health risks, and trauma. Mindfulness instruction improves psychological functioning in a variety of adult populations; research on mindfulness for youth is promising, but has been conducted in limited populations. Informed by implementation science, we evaluated an adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program to ameliorate the negative effects of stress and trauma among low-income, minority, middle school public school students.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n Participants were students at two Baltimore City Public Schools who were randomly assigned by grade to receive adapted MBSR or health education (Healthy Topics [HT]) programs. Self-report survey data were collected at baseline and postprogram. Deidentified data were analyzed in the aggregate, comparing MBSR and HT classes, by using regression modeling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Three hundred fifth- to eighth-grade students (mean 12.0 years) were in MBSR and HT classes and provided survey data. Participants were 50.7% female, 99.7% African American, and 99% eligible for free lunch. The groups were comparable at baseline. Postprogram, MBSR students had significantly lower levels of somatization, depression, negative affect, negative coping, rumination, self-hostility, and posttraumatic symptom severity (all Ps &lt; .05) than HT.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n These findings support the hypothesis that mindfulness instruction improves psychological functioning and may ameliorate the negative effects of stress and reduce trauma-associated symptoms among vulnerable urban middle school students. Additional research is needed to explore psychological, social, and behavioral outcomes, and mechanisms of mindfulness instruction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,19]],"date-time":"2015-12-19T04:55:40Z","timestamp":1450500940000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["School-Based Mindfulness Instruction: An RCT"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Erica M.S.","family":"Sibinga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon R.","family":"Ghazarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Ellen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and"},{"name":"All Children\u2019s Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3303_2","article-title":"Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: the protective effects of family functioning.","volume":"33","author":"Gorman-Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"2021120907185908800_B2","volume-title":"Stress, Appraisal, and Coping","author":"Lazarus","year":"1984"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120907185908800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0469","article-title":"The science of early life toxic stress for pediatric practice and advocacy.","volume":"131","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907185908800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress.","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120907185908800_B5","volume-title":"Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness","author":"Kabat-Zinn","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.13018","article-title":"Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"174","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907185908800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2007.10.002","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction for HIV-infected youth: a pilot study.","volume":"4","author":"Sibinga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Explore (NY)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0605","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction for urban youth.","volume":"17","author":"Sibinga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2014.02.006","article-title":"A small mixed-method RCT of mindfulness instruction for urban youth.","volume":"10","author":"Sibinga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Explore (NY)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120907185908800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.08.027","article-title":"School-based mindfulness instruction for urban male youth: a small randomized controlled trial.","volume":"57","author":"Sibinga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"50","key":"2021120907185908800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50","article-title":"Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science.","volume":"4","author":"Damschroder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120907185908800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731513505778","article-title":"A systematic review of strategies for implementing empirically supported mental health interventions.","volume":"24","author":"Powell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Soc Work Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907185908800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(03)00573-7","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis.","volume":"57","author":"Grossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907185908800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(82)90026-3","article-title":"An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results.","volume":"4","author":"Kabat-Zinn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022819","article-title":"Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: development and validation of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM).","volume":"23","author":"Greco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2021120907185908800_B16","author":"Bluth","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021120907185908800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-014-9926-3","article-title":"Teaching mindfulness to middle school students and homeless youth in school classrooms.","volume":"24(5)","author":"Viafora","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907185908800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress.","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"2021120907185908800_B19","article-title":"Children's Depression Inventory (CDI): technical manual update. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto.","author":"Kovacs","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.128.3.280","article-title":"The SCL-90 and the MMPI: a step in the validation of a new self-report scale.","volume":"128","author":"Derogatis","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907185908800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199704000-00019","article-title":"The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity.","volume":"36","author":"March","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"t 3","key":"2021120907185908800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1348\/0144665031752934","article-title":"The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample.","volume":"43","author":"Crawford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907185908800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.5.847","article-title":"Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality.","volume":"64","author":"Izard","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907185908800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431601021001003","article-title":"The Aggression Scale: a self-report measure of aggressive behavior for young adolescents.","volume":"21","author":"Orpinas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Early Adolesc"},{"key":"2021120907185908800_B25","volume-title":"The Revised and Expanded STAXI-2","author":"Spielberger","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000455","article-title":"Adolescent attachment and trajectories of hostile-impulsive behavior: implications for the development of personality disorders.","volume":"21","author":"Kobak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907185908800_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21699","article-title":"Community-level victimization and aggressive behavior in African American male adolescents: a profile analysis.","volume":"43","author":"Gaylord-Harden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907185908800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.2002.0481","article-title":"Assessment of self-reported anger expression in pre- and early-adolescent African Americans: psychometric considerations.","volume":"25","author":"Armstead","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120907185908800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9143-2","article-title":"Responses to depression in children: reconceptualizing the relation among response styles.","volume":"35","author":"Abela","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907185908800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6","article-title":"You want to measure coping but your protocol\u2019s too long: consider the brief COPE.","volume":"4","author":"Carver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"issue":"pt 3","key":"2021120907185908800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1348\/135910705X53155","article-title":"A validity and reliability study of the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale.","volume":"11","author":"Chesney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3003_9","article-title":"The child PTSD Symptom Scale: a preliminary examination of its psychometric properties.","volume":"30","author":"Foa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907185908800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.5.603","article-title":"A mental health intervention for schoolchildren exposed to violence: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"290","author":"Stein","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"603","key":"2021120907185908800_B34","first-page":"603","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions in schools\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Zenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120907185908800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2014.03.002","article-title":"A randomized controlled pilot trial of classroom-based mindfulness meditation compared to an active control condition in sixth-grade children.","volume":"52","author":"Britton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sch Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907185908800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038454","article-title":"Enhancing cognitive and social-emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based school program for elementary school children: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"51","author":"Schonert-Reichl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907185908800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.163","article-title":"Community violence exposure and children\u2019s academic functioning.","volume":"95","author":"Schwartz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120907185908800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.001","article-title":"Effects of exposure to community violence on school functioning: the mediating role of posttraumatic stress symptoms.","volume":"47","author":"Mathews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2532\/1062622\/peds_20152532.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2532\/1062622\/peds_20152532.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T01:55:48Z","timestamp":1639101348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/137\/1\/e20152532\/52797\/School-Based-Mindfulness-Instruction-An-RCT"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2532","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"article-number":"e20152532"}}