{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:11:40Z","timestamp":1789884700650,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the incidence, age at diagnosis, and associations between perinatal risk factors of feeding and eating disorders (FED) diagnosed at hospital in children aged 0 to 3 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nationwide cohort of 901\u2009227 children was followed until 48 months of age in the national registers from 1997 to 2010. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for FED diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases and associations with perinatal risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1365 children (53% girls) were diagnosed with FED at hospital, corresponding to a cumulative incidence of 1.6 per 1000 live births. High risk of FED was seen in children born before gestational week 28 (HR, 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.15\u20135.78). HRs were 3.74 for children small for gestational age \u22643 SD (95% CI, 2.71\u20135.17) and 4.71 in those with congenital malformations (95% CI, 3.86\u20135.74). Increased risk of FED was associated with female gender (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.08\u20131.34), maternal smoking in pregnancy (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08\u20131.42), immigrant status (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.92\u20132.61), and being the firstborn (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19\u20131.50).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>FED in referred children aged 0 to 3 years are associated with perinatal adversities, female gender, maternal smoking in pregnancy, being firstborn, and having immigrant parents. The results suggest complex causal mechanisms of FED and underscore the need for a multidisciplinary approach in the clinical management of young children with persistent problems of feeding, eating, and weight faltering.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]],"date-time":"2016-01-14T02:49:26Z","timestamp":1452739766000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Perinatal Risk Factors for Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children Aged 0 to 3 Years"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Hvelplund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo M\u00f8lholm","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne Vinkel","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Centre, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen Region, Denmark;"},{"name":"Institutes of Clinical Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Mette","family":"Skovgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2021120907154854700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162200001249","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of feeding and nutritional problems in children with neurological impairment: Oxford Feeding Study.","volume":"42","author":"Sullivan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2021120907154854700_B2","first-page":"377","article-title":"Feeding disorders, failure to thrive, and obesity","volume-title":"Handbook of Infant Mental Health","author":"Benoit","year":"2009","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907154854700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200001000-00007","article-title":"Pediatric feeding disorders.","volume":"30","author":"Manikam","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021120907154854700_B4","volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Diseases. 10th revision","year":"1993"},{"key":"2021120907154854700_B5","author":"Association;","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021120907154854700_B6","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021120907154854700_B7","author":"Chatoor","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907154854700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.081356","article-title":"Childhood eating disorders: British national surveillance study.","volume":"198","author":"Nicholls","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120907154854700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2961","article-title":"How do toddler eating problems relate to their eating behavior, food preferences, and growth?","volume":"120","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"50","key":"2021120907154854700_B10","first-page":"4433","article-title":"Suicidal behavior in a clinical population of 12- to 17-year-old patients with eating disorders [in Danish]","volume":"168","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907154854700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.07.008","article-title":"Eating disorders of infancy and childhood: definition, symptomatology, epidemiology, and comorbidity.","volume":"18","author":"Nicholls","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120907154854700_B12","first-page":"B4193","article-title":"Mental health problems and psychopathology in infancy and early childhood. 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