{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:43:29Z","timestamp":1790707409704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"Supplement_2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is commonly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across the life span. We sought to identify medical and behavioral problems associated with a history of a parent-reported diagnosis of depression in a large sample of school-aged children and adolescents with ASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 1272 participants (aged 6\u201317 years; mean [SD]: 9.56 [2.79] years) from the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network consortium were divided into \u201cever-depressed\u201d (n = 89) and \u201cnondepressed\u201d (n = 1183) groups on the basis of caregiver endorsement of children\u2019s current or previous diagnoses of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 7.0% of children with ASD (4.8% of those aged 6\u201312 years and 20.2% of those aged 13\u201317 years) were reported to have a history of a depression diagnosis. Positive depression history was associated with greater chronological age, higher IQ, and Asperger disorder diagnosis. After controlling for age, IQ, and within-spectrum categorical diagnosis, the ever-depressed group exhibited significantly greater rates of seizure disorders (odds ratio = 2.64) and gastrointestinal problems (odds ratio = 2.59) and trend-level differences in aggression, somatic complaints, and social impairments. The groups did not differ in autism severity, repetitive behaviors, sleep problems, eating problems, self-injurious behavior, or current intervention use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Co-occurring depression is a particularly common problem in higher-functioning older children within the Autism Treatment Network. Our findings indicate that children with ASD and a history of a depression diagnosis are more likely to also have co-occurring medical problems, although the presence and direction of causality is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2851i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T04:42:43Z","timestamp":1454301763000},"page":"S105-S114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Medical and Behavioral Correlates of Depression History in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Greenlee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela S.","family":"Mosley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Shui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Veenstra-VanderWeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine O.","family":"Gotham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2021120906200950600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.8.825","article-title":"Parental report of health conditions and health care use among children with and without autism: National Survey of Children\u2019s Health.","volume":"160","author":"Gurney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120906200950600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0958-2","article-title":"Comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with Asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism: a community- and clinic-based study.","volume":"40","author":"Mattila","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906200950600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2005.12.004","article-title":"Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview.","volume":"28","author":"Matson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120906200950600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0921-2","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorders: results from the Autism Treatment Network.","volume":"40","author":"Kuhlthau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120906200950600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0123-0","article-title":"Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders.","volume":"36","author":"Leyfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.06.012","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and irritability in children with autism relative to other neuropsychiatric disorders and typical development.","volume":"5","author":"Mayes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361306062013","article-title":"Presentation of depression in autism and Asperger syndrome: a review.","volume":"10","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906200950600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-012-9587-z","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorders: a comparison with children with ADHD.","volume":"22","author":"van Steensel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120906200950600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01682.x","article-title":"Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression?","volume":"47","author":"Jane Costello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.10.010","article-title":"Major depression in the national comorbidity survey-adolescent supplement: prevalence, correlates, and treatment.","volume":"54","author":"Avenevoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120906200950600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709990213","article-title":"Age differences in major depression: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).","volume":"40","author":"Kessler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.21","article-title":"Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: a theoretical model.","volume":"57","author":"Cyranowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120906200950600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790200027004","article-title":"Depression and anxiety disorders in parents and children; results from the Yale Family Study.","volume":"41","author":"Weissman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906200950600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm105","article-title":"The interplay of sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression in children.","volume":"33","author":"Chorney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906200950600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.02.033","article-title":"Prevalence of pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders and somatic symptoms in patients with anxiety or depressive disorders.","volume":"163","author":"Yacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906200950600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705278777","article-title":"Children with ADHD and depression: a multisource, multimethod assessment of clinical, social, and academic functioning.","volume":"8","author":"Blackman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906200950600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.3.451","article-title":"A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents.","volume":"66","author":"Cole","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120906200950600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.479","article-title":"Emotions and self-esteem as indicators of somatic complaints in children.","volume":"15","author":"Terwogt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120906200950600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361310366571","article-title":"Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"15","author":"Rieffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906200950600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-011-9231-7","article-title":"Variables associated with anxiety and depression in children with autism.","volume":"23","author":"Mayes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dev Phys Disabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120906200950600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample.","volume":"47","author":"Simonoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906200950600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314536625","article-title":"Depression and its measurement in verbal adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"19","author":"Gotham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120906200950600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9406-1","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in children with HFASDs: symptom levels and source differences.","volume":"38","author":"Lopata","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"2021120906200950600_B24","author":"Gotham","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120906200950600_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3","article-title":"Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"39","author":"Gotham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.06.015","article-title":"Depression and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability.","volume":"6","author":"Strang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120906200950600_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361309335719","article-title":"Multi-informant reports of psychiatric symptoms among high-functioning adolescents with Asperger syndrome or autism.","volume":"13","author":"Hurtig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120906200950600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1014-y","article-title":"Friendship and internalizing symptoms among children and adolescents with ASD.","volume":"40","author":"Mazurek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906200950600_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2008.04.004","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and autism.","volume":"3","author":"Malow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120906200950600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.02.003","article-title":"Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, nature, and possible biopsychosocial aetiologies.","volume":"13","author":"Richdale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906200950600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.01.010","article-title":"Sleep is associated with problem behaviors in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"5","author":"Goldman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"2021120906200950600_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1878C","article-title":"Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: a consensus report.","volume":"125","author":"Buie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120906200950600_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/19315860801988228","article-title":"Adolescents and adults with autism with and without co-morbid psychiatric disorders: differences in maternal well-being.","volume":"1","author":"Kring","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9668-x","article-title":"Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"41","author":"Mazurek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906200950600_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0637-8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms in a sample of children with pervasive developmental disorders.","volume":"39","author":"Nikolov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807307102","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders: concurrent clinical disorders.","volume":"23","author":"Xue Ming","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120906200950600_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0914","article-title":"Treatment of previously undiagnosed psychiatric disorders in persons with developmental disabilities decreased or eliminated self-injurious behavior.","volume":"64","author":"Tsiouris","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120906200950600_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708320404","article-title":"Comparative study of children with ADHD only, autism spectrum disorder + ADHD, and chronic multiple tic disorder + ADHD.","volume":"12","author":"Gadow","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2021120906200950600_B39","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021120906200950600_B40","author":"American Psychiatric Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906200950600_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947","article-title":"The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism.","volume":"30","author":"Lord","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"2021120906200950600_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412963848.n259","article-title":"Stanford-Binet test","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology","author":"Bart","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120906200950600_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.013","article-title":"Developmental and behavioral questionnaire for autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"37","author":"McGrew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120906200950600_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/23.8.1d","article-title":"The Children\u2019s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children.","volume":"23","author":"Owens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.03.009","article-title":"An initial psychometric evaluation of the CBCL 6\u201318 in a sample of youth with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"6","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120906200950600_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0292-x","article-title":"Intellectual ability, self-perceived social competence, and depressive symptomatology in children with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorders.","volume":"37","author":"Vickerstaff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906200950600_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-11-16","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidities in asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: diagnostic challenges.","volume":"11","author":"Mazzone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906200950600_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016330802348","article-title":"Depression in persons with autism: implications for research and clinical care.","volume":"32","author":"Ghaziuddin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120906200950600_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02535.x","article-title":"Annual research review: functional somatic symptoms and associated anxiety and depression\u2014developmental psychopathology in pediatric practice.","volume":"53","author":"Campo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120906200950600_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026036514719","article-title":"Depression in children with autism\/pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control family history study.","volume":"28","author":"Ghaziuddin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906200950600_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318213f56c","article-title":"Characterization of depression in children with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"32","author":"Magnuson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/137\/Supplement_2\/S105\/884349\/peds_20152851i.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/137\/Supplement_2\/S105\/884349\/peds_20152851i.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T22:33:24Z","timestamp":1718318004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/137\/Supplement_2\/S105\/33999\/Medical-and-Behavioral-Correlates-of-Depression"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2851i","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}}}