{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:15:11Z","timestamp":1790111711305,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is a common inflammatory skin disease with a worldwide prevalence of 0.5% to 2.0% of the population. In the pediatric population, the exact prevalence of vitiligo is unknown, although many studies state that most cases of vitiligo are acquired early in life. The disease is disfiguring, with a major psychological impact on children and their parents. Half of vitiligo cases have a childhood onset, needing thus a treatment approach that will minimize treatment side effects while avoiding psychological impacts. Management of vitiligo should take into account several factors, including extension, psychological impact, and possible associations with other autoimmune diseases. This review discusses the epidemiology of vitiligo and outlines the various clinical presentations associated with the disorder and their differential diagnosis. In addition, the pathophysiology and genetic determinants, the psychological impact of vitiligo, and management strategies are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T09:14:56Z","timestamp":1466500496000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitiligo in Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Khaled","family":"Ezzedine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Henri Mondor Hospital and EpiDermE, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil Val-de-Marne, Cr\u00e9teil, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanette","family":"Silverberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Mount Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt and Beth Israel Medical Centers, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9988","key":"2021120904545641700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60763-7","article-title":"Vitiligo.","volume":"386","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120904545641700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.1978.17.9.755","article-title":"Vitiligo\u2014a retrospect.","volume":"17","author":"Nair","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120904545641700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69361-1_1","volume-title":"Historical Aspects","author":"Gauthier","year":"2010"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120904545641700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1988.tb01260.x","article-title":"Vitiligo.","volume":"27","author":"Koranne","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120904545641700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.07.039","article-title":"Vitiligo is not a cosmetic disease.","volume":"73","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120904545641700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05377.x","article-title":"A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children\/adolescents and adults.","volume":"51","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2021120904545641700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-014-0098-6","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Vitiligo.","volume":"4","author":"Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Dermatol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120904545641700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12186","article-title":"Latent class analysis of a series of 717 patients with vitiligo allows the identification of two clinical subtypes.","volume":"27","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120904545641700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10311.x","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of factors associated with early-onset segmental and nonsegmental vitiligo: a prospective observational study of 213 patients.","volume":"165","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120904545641700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3126\/jgmcn.v14i2.37158","article-title":"Spectrum of pediatric dermatoses in tertiary care center in Nepal.","volume":"14","author":"Shrestha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120904545641700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1397","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical profile of vitiligo in China: a community-based study in six cities.","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120904545641700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(08)60004-2","article-title":"Prevalence of skin diseases among schoolchildren in Magong, Penghu, Taiwan: a community-based clinical survey.","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120904545641700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1977.01640010049006","article-title":"Prevalence of vitiligo. 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