{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T07:23:25Z","timestamp":1793604205462,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"Supplement_1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In contrast to most pediatric cancers, there is a growing body of literature, nationally and internationally, that has implicated the role of several environmental indoor and outdoor hazards in the etiology of childhood leukemia. For example, exposures to solvents, traffic, pesticides, and tobacco smoke have consistently demonstrated positive associations with the risk of developing childhood leukemia. Intake of vitamins and folate supplementation during the preconception period or pregnancy has been demonstrated to have a protective effect. Despite the strength of these findings, the dissemination of this knowledge to clinicians has been limited. Some children may be more vulnerable than others as documented by the high and increasing incidence of childhood leukemia in Hispanics. To protect children\u2019s health, it is prudent to establish programs to alter exposure to those factors with well-established associations with leukemia risk rather than to suspend judgment until no uncertainty remains. This is particularly true because other serious health outcomes (both negative and positive) have been associated with the same exposures. We draw from historical examples to put in perspective the arguments of association versus causation, as well as to discuss benefits versus risks of immediate and long-term preventive actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4268h","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T08:42:35Z","timestamp":1477989755000},"page":"S45-S55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Childhood Leukemia: A Preventable Disease"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Metayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Wiemels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120906373039200_B1","volume-title":"SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975\u20132010","author":"Howlader","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021120906373039200_B2","volume-title":"SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2012.","author":"Howlader","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021120906373039200_B3","article-title":"Rising rates of acute lymphocytic leukemia in Hispanic Children: a review of trends in childhood leukemia incidence from 1992-2010","author":"Barrington-Trimis"},{"key":"2021120906373039200_B4","volume-title":"Report to the Legislature: Children\u2019s Environmental Health Program","author":"Ekanayake","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906373039200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2012.01.007","article-title":"Perspectives on the causes of childhood leukemia.","volume":"196","author":"Wiemels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2021120906373039200_B6","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. 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