{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:56:34Z","timestamp":1792688194883,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONTEXT:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for comorbid psychopathology, the clinical correlates of ADHD in girls are far less understood relative to boys, despite ADHD being one of the most common childhood disorders in girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To meta-analytically summarize rates of comorbid internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) psychopathology among girls with and without ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature searches (PubMed, Google Scholar) identified published studies examining comorbid psychopathology in girls with and without ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY SELECTION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen studies (1997 participants) met inclusion criteria and had sufficient data for the meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Odds ratios for each comorbid disorder were calculated from available data. Demographic (eg, age, race\/ethnicity) and study characteristics (eg, referral source, diagnostic method) were also coded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with girls without ADHD, girls with ADHD were significantly more likely to meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for each comorbid disorder assessed. Relative odds were higher for externalizing (ODD: 5.6\u00d7; CD: 9.4\u00d7) relative to internalizing disorders (anxiety: 3.2\u00d7; depression: 4.2\u00d7). Meta-regression revealed larger effect sizes of ADHD on anxiety for studies using multiple diagnostic methods, featuring younger children, and including clinic-referred (versus community-referred) girls; the effect of ADHD on ODD varied based on diagnostic informant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings were derived from cross-sectional studies, precluding causal inferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Girls with ADHD frequently exhibit comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders. We discuss future research priorities and consider intervention implications for ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T05:08:42Z","timestamp":1474434522000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Patterns of Comorbidity Among Girls With ADHD: A Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Tung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn I.","family":"Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen L.","family":"Jezior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica S.V.","family":"Kianmahd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick G.","family":"Hentschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121020313766600_B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnostic experiences of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","author":"Visser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.001","article-title":"Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011.","volume":"53","author":"Visser","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121020313766600_B3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA)","year":"2000","edition":"4th ed."},{"issue":"9481","key":"2021121020313766600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66915-2","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"366","author":"Biederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121020313766600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029451","article-title":"Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder into early adulthood: continuing impairment includes elevated risk for suicide attempts and self-injury.","volume":"80","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121020313766600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01517.x","article-title":"Childhood predictors of becoming a teenage mother among Finnish girls.","volume":"91","author":"Lehti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3104_4","article-title":"The social behaviors and peer expectation of girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison girls.","volume":"31","author":"Thurber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00350.x","article-title":"The adolescent outcome of hyperactive girls: self-report of psychosocial status.","volume":"46","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121020313766600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00008","article-title":"Symptom profiles in children with ADHD: effects of comorbidity and gender.","volume":"40","author":"Newcorn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121020313766600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2011.597089","article-title":"Gender and conduct problems predict peer functioning among children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"40","author":"Mikami","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2011.581621","article-title":"The impact of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder on preadolescent adjustment may be greater for girls than for boys.","volume":"40","author":"Elkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2104_5","article-title":"Selective females affliction in the developmental disorders of childhood: A literature review.","volume":"21","author":"Eme","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121020313766600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90015-9","article-title":"Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender.","volume":"14","author":"Loeber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-2-15","article-title":"ADHD characteristics: I. Concurrent co-morbidity patterns in children & adolescents.","volume":"2","author":"Elia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121020313766600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00009","article-title":"ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups.","volume":"40","author":"Jensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121020313766600_B16","article-title":"Prevalence and gender differences of ODD, anxiety, and depression in a sample of children with ADHD","author":"Mitchison","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30105-6","article-title":"Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Pliszka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424","article-title":"Comorbidity.","volume":"40","author":"Angold","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121020313766600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.2.179","article-title":"The normative development of child and adolescent problem behavior.","volume":"112","author":"Bongers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 3","key":"2021121020313766600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/ajop.12034","article-title":"Individual differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and associated executive dysfunction and traits: sex, ethnicity, and family income.","volume":"83","author":"Martel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816429d3","article-title":"New insights into the comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in adolescent and young adult females.","volume":"47","author":"Biederman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09050736","article-title":"Adult psychiatric outcomes of girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: 11-year follow-up in a longitudinal case-control study.","volume":"167","author":"Biederman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121020313766600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2008.032","article-title":"A review of co-morbid depression in pediatric ADHD: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment.","volume":"18","author":"Daviss","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121020313766600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000529","article-title":"Predictors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of conduct disorder in girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a longitudinal study.","volume":"37","author":"Monuteaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121020313766600_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318190b290","article-title":"The longitudinal course of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder in girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: findings from a controlled 5-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study.","volume":"29","author":"Biederman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B26","first-page":"21","article-title":"The dark side of girlhood: recent trends, risk factors and trajectories to aggression and violence.","volume":"14","author":"Moretti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Child Adolesc Psychiatr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121020313766600_B27","first-page":"2","article-title":"Perceptions of girls and ADHD: results from a national survey.","volume":"6","author":"Quinn","year":"2004","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121020313766600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200105000-00012","article-title":"Psychiatric, psychosocial, and cognitive functioning of female adolescents with ADHD.","volume":"40","author":"Rucklidge","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121020313766600_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-298","article-title":"ADHD in girls and boys--gender differences in co-existing symptoms and executive function measures.","volume":"13","author":"Skogli","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.36","article-title":"Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic.","volume":"159","author":"Biederman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.3.489","article-title":"Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder into adolescence: Evidence for continuing cross-domain impairment.","volume":"74","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121020313766600_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.60.6.881","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity and conduct disorder: comorbidity and implications for treatment.","volume":"60","author":"Abikoff","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2021121020313766600_B33","article-title":"Association between diagnosed ADHD and selected characteristics among children aged 4-17 years: United States, 2011-2013.","author":"Pastor","year":"2015","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"2021121020313766600_B34","volume-title":"Practical Meta-Analysis","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias.","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"7109","key":"2021121020313766600_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test.","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121020313766600_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis.","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"449","key":"2021121020313766600_B38","first-page":"89","article-title":"A nonparametric \u201ctrim and fill\u201d method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis.","volume":"95","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318245615b","article-title":"Clinical utility of the Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic parent rating scale comorbidity screening scales.","volume":"33","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121020313766600_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200312000-00009","article-title":"Psychopathology and substance abuse in parents of young children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"42","author":"Chronis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121020313766600_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.5.1086","article-title":"Preadolescent girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: I. Background characteristics, comorbidity, cognitive and social functioning, and parenting practices.","volume":"70","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-011-9237-6","article-title":"Risk taking and sensitivity to punishment in children with ADHD, ODD, ADHD+ODD, and controls.","volume":"33","author":"Humphreys","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121020313766600_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0703-y","article-title":"Association between ADHD and smoking in adolescence: Shared genetic, environmental and psychopathological factors.","volume":"114","author":"Laucht","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029654","article-title":"A randomized trial of a classroom intervention to increase peers\u2019 social inclusion of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"81","author":"Mikami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0158-4","article-title":"Are family variables associated with ADHD, inattentive type? A case-control study in schools.","volume":"20","author":"Pheula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9593-4","article-title":"Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between ADHD and depressive symptoms in youth.","volume":"40","author":"Seymour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121020313766600_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199911000-00009","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity associated with DSM-IV ADHD in a nonreferred sample of twins.","volume":"38","author":"Willcutt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121020313766600_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000070245.24125.B6","article-title":"Ten-year review of rating scales. V: scales assessing attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"42","author":"Collett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121020313766600_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data.","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014","article-title":"NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses.","volume":"39","author":"Shaffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121020313766600_B51","first-page":"595","article-title":"Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample.","volume":"49","author":"Bussing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021956507983","article-title":"Paired-associate learning in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder as a function of hyperactivity-impulsivity and oppositional defiant disorder.","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121020313766600_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-0607-2","article-title":"ADHD and comorbid disorders in relation to family environment and symptom severity","volume":"16","author":"Hurtig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121020313766600_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162203001282","article-title":"Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder with and without oppositional defiant disorder in 3- to 7-year-old children.","volume":"45","author":"Kadesj\u00f6","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9439-5","article-title":"The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD","volume":"39","author":"Martel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121020313766600_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9393-2","article-title":"Parental influence on children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: I. Relationships between parent behaviors and child peer status","volume":"38","author":"Mikami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-005-2694-y","article-title":"Gender appropriateness of symptom criteria for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and conduct disorder","volume":"35","author":"Ohan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121020313766600_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0264-z","article-title":"Bullying and peer victimisation in adolescent girls with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"43","author":"Sciberras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"7304","key":"2021121020313766600_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7304.101","article-title":"Systematic reviews in health care: Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis.","volume":"323","author":"Sterne","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121020313766600_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011","article-title":"Gender differences in ADHD: a meta-analysis and critical review.","volume":"36","author":"Gaub","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121020313766600_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-1003-z","article-title":"Influence of gender on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in Europe--ADORE.","volume":"15","author":"N\u00f8vik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3504_8","article-title":"Childhood ADHD predicts risky sexual behavior in young adulthood.","volume":"35","author":"Flory","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121020313766600_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12249","article-title":"ADHD and risky sexual behavior in adolescents: conduct problems and substance use as mediators of risk.","volume":"55","author":"Sarver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(98)80043-9","article-title":"Perceived control as a mediator of family environment in etiological models of childhood anxiety.","volume":"29","author":"Chorpita","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02228.x","article-title":"Temperament and the environment in the etiology of childhood anxiety.","volume":"51","author":"Degnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628","article-title":"Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: origins and treatment.","volume":"5","author":"Rapee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2021121020313766600_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.12.015","article-title":"Nature of anxiety comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from a pediatric primary care setting.","volume":"157","author":"Bowen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023244512119","article-title":"Who are the comorbid adolescents? Agreement between psychiatric diagnosis, youth, parent, and teacher report.","volume":"31","author":"Youngstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2009.06.002","article-title":"Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V.","volume":"32","author":"Beesdo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B70","first-page":"168","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization\u2019s World Mental Health Survey Initiative.","volume":"6","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B71","first-page":"PCC.13r01596","article-title":"A review of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: uncovering this hidden diagnosis.","volume":"16","author":"Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90092-2","article-title":"Gender differences in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"53","author":"Biederman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026582","article-title":"Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria? Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis.","volume":"80","author":"Bruchm\u00fcller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121020313766600_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410903103627","article-title":"Why is there a gender gap in children presenting for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder services?","volume":"38","author":"Ohan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121020313766600_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30103-2","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive subtype.","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121020313766600_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000153232.64968.c1","article-title":"Gender differences in ADHD subtype comorbidity.","volume":"44","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121020313766600_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-006-0639-5","article-title":"Lack of gender effects on subtype outcomes in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: support for the validity of subtypes.","volume":"256","author":"Grevet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121020313766600_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09364","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in parent-reported diagnosis of ADHD: national survey of children\u2019s health (2003, 2007, and 2011).","volume":"77","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0430\/1062670\/peds_20160430.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0430\/1062670\/peds_20160430.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T01:30:04Z","timestamp":1639186204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/138\/4\/e20160430\/77134\/Patterns-of-Comorbidity-Among-Girls-With-ADHD-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0430","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"article-number":"e20160430"}}