{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:12:22Z","timestamp":1792681942675,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 25% of the world\u2019s children aged &amp;lt;5 years have stunted growth, which is associated with increased mortality, cognitive dysfunction, and loss of productivity. Reducing by 40% the number of stunted children is a global target for 2030. The pathogenesis of stunting is poorly understood. Prenatal and postnatal nutritional deficits and enteric and systemic infections clearly contribute, but recent findings implicate a central role for environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a generalized disturbance of small intestinal structure and function found at a high prevalence in children living under unsanitary conditions. Mechanisms contributing to growth failure in EED include intestinal leakiness and heightened permeability, gut inflammation, dysbiosis and bacterial translocation, systemic inflammation, and nutrient malabsorption. Because EED has multiple causal pathways, approaches to manage it need to be multifaceted. Potential interventions to tackle EED include: (1) reduction of exposure to feces and contact with animals through programs such as improved water, sanitation, and hygiene; (2) breastfeeding and enhanced dietary diversity; (3) probiotics and prebiotics; (4) nutrient supplements, including zinc, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids; (5) antiinflammatory agents such as 5-aminosalicyclic acid; and (6) antibiotics in the context of acute malnutrition and infection. Better understanding of the underlying causes of EED and development of noninvasive, practical, simple, and affordable point-of-care diagnostic tools remain key gaps. \u201cOmics\u201d technologies (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) and stable isotope techniques (eg, 13C breath tests) targeted at children and their intestinal microbiota will enhance our ability to successfully identify, manage, and prevent this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,4]],"date-time":"2016-11-04T05:07:28Z","timestamp":1478236048000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":225,"title":["Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Growth Failure\/Stunting in Global Child Health"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Owino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmeed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Freemark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Loy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network \u201cChemistry meets Microbiology,\u201d University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Manary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University, St Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Loechl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905003836500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0743","article-title":"Enteropathies in the developing world: neglected effects on global health.","volume":"86","author":"Prendergast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu485","article-title":"Environmental enteric dysfunction: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical consequences.","volume":"59","author":"Keusch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0187-1","article-title":"Environmental enteropathy and malnutrition: do we know enough to intervene?","volume":"12","author":"Petri","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.239","article-title":"The impoverished gut\u2014a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease.","volume":"10","author":"Guerrant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.412","article-title":"Responses of small intestinal architecture and function over time to environmental factors in a tropical population.","volume":"70","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9694","key":"2021120905003836500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60950-8","article-title":"Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing.","volume":"374","author":"Humphrey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905003836500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0549","article-title":"Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and permeability associated with the subsequent acquisition of linear growth deficits in infants.","volume":"88","author":"Kosek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905003836500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86928","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086928","article-title":"Stunting is characterized by chronic inflammation in Zimbabwean infants.","volume":"9","author":"Prendergast","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6119","key":"2021120905003836500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229000","article-title":"Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor.","volume":"339","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004600","article-title":"Endomicroscopic and transcriptomic analysis of impaired barrier function and malabsorption in environmental enteropathy.","volume":"10","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905003836500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.04.007","article-title":"Environmental enteropathy: critical implications of a poorly understood condition.","volume":"18","author":"Korpe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000151","article-title":"Zinc deficiency in infants and children: a review of its complex and synergistic interactions.","volume":"34","author":"Krebs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu541","article-title":"Use of the lactulose to mannitol ratio to evaluate childhood environmental enteric dysfunction: a systematic review.","volume":"59","author":"Denno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120905003836500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/25.10.1056","article-title":"Subclinical malabsorption in developing countries.","volume":"25","author":"Lindenbaum","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905003836500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27092","article-title":"Reduced production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans occurs in Zambian children with kwashiorkor but not marasmus.","volume":"89","author":"Amadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120905003836500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(03)00156-1","article-title":"Intestinal defensin gene expression in human populations.","volume":"40","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905003836500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200105000-00011","article-title":"Intestinal and systemic infection, HIV, and mortality in Zambian children with persistent diarrhea and malnutrition.","volume":"32","author":"Amadi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905003836500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096030","article-title":"Follow-up of post-discharge growth and mortality after treatment for severe acute malnutrition (FuSAM study): a prospective cohort study.","volume":"9","author":"Kerac","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002188","article-title":"Food chain mycotoxin exposure, gut health, and impaired growth: a conceptual framework.","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120905003836500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.004838","article-title":"Interactions between zinc deficiency and environmental enteropathy in developing countries.","volume":"5","author":"Lindenmayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B21","article-title":"An exposome perspective to environmental enteric dysfunction.","author":"Mapesa","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-239","article-title":"Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among under-fives: evidence from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey.","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000158","article-title":"The stunting syndrome in developing countries.","volume":"34","author":"Prendergast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12123","article-title":"The contribution of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction to childhood undernutrition in Tanzania.","volume":"11","author":"Sania","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905003836500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt109","article-title":"Risk of childhood undernutrition related to small-for-gestational age and preterm birth in low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"42","author":"Christian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905003836500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1275516","article-title":"The intrauterine growth restriction phenotype: fetal adaptations and potential implications for later life insulin resistance and diabetes.","volume":"29","author":"Thorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B27","author":"Zohdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"issue":"7505","key":"2021120905003836500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13421","article-title":"Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children.","volume":"510","author":"Subramanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6275","key":"2021120905003836500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8588","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum strain maintains growth of infant mice during chronic undernutrition.","volume":"351","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6275","key":"2021120905003836500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3311","article-title":"Gut bacteria that prevent growth impairments transmitted by microbiota from malnourished children.","volume":"351","author":"Blanton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905003836500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.024","article-title":"Sialylated milk oligosaccharides promote microbiota-dependent growth in models of infant undernutrition.","volume":"164","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B32","author":"Gilmartin","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905003836500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19860065","article-title":"Intestinal microflora, morphology and enzyme activity in zinc-deficient and Zn-supplemented rats.","volume":"55","author":"Southon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.05.070185.002013","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency.","volume":"5","author":"Prasad","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905003836500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0015-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of inflammatory anorexia in chronic disease.","volume":"1","author":"Braun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905003836500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4018","article-title":"Severe acute malnutrition in childhood: hormonal and metabolic status at presentation, response to treatment, and predictors of mortality.","volume":"99","author":"Bartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120905003836500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102233","article-title":"Effects of HIV infection on the metabolic and hormonal status of children with severe acute malnutrition.","volume":"9","author":"Mody","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119207","article-title":"Interleukin 6 causes growth impairment in transgenic mice through a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-I. A model for stunted growth in children with chronic inflammation.","volume":"99","author":"De Benedetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120905003836500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T35","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-14-0006","article-title":"Recent research on the growth plate: impact of inflammatory cytokines on longitudinal bone growth.","volume":"53","author":"Sederquist","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120905003836500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.102","article-title":"Growth problems in children with IBD.","volume":"11","author":"Sanderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120905003836500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2009.22.12.1137","article-title":"Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels in children with zinc deficiency and the effect of zinc supplementation on these parameters.","volume":"22","author":"Cesur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265140352S110","article-title":"Childhood malnutrition: toward an understanding of infections, inflammation, and antimicrobials.","volume":"35","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905003836500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1157","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90869.2008","article-title":"Tissue-specific deiodinase regulation during food restriction and low replacement dose of leptin in rats.","volume":"296","author":"Araujo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"247","key":"2021120905003836500_B44","first-page":"pt9","article-title":"The effect of acute and chronic stress on growth.","volume":"5","author":"S\u00e4vendahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905003836500_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-216-44182","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1: recent findings and new directions.","volume":"216","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905003836500_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(05)80003-7","article-title":"Contributions of growth hormone receptor and postreceptor defects to growth hormone resistance in malnutrition.","volume":"2","author":"Maes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905003836500_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R57","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0477","article-title":"Determinants of GH resistance in malnutrition.","volume":"220","author":"Fazeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120905003836500_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010517","article-title":"Nutritionally-induced catch-up growth.","volume":"7","author":"Gat-Yablonski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120905003836500_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-255240","article-title":"Impact on offspring methylation patterns of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and intrauterine growth restraint suggest common genes and pathways linked to subsequent type 2 diabetes risk.","volume":"28","author":"Quilter","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905003836500_B50","first-page":"225","article-title":"Structural and functional development of small intestine in intrauterine growth retarded porcine offspring born to gilts fed diets with differing protein ratios throughout pregnancy.","volume":"63","author":"Mickiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S726","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ848","article-title":"Assessment of environmental enteric dysfunction in the SHINE trial: methods and challenges.","volume":"61","author":"Prendergast","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120905003836500_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.09.036","article-title":"Environmental enteropathy, oral vaccine failure and growth faltering in infants in Bangladesh.","volume":"2","author":"Naylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B53","article-title":"Environmental enteric dysfunction in children: a review.","author":"Syed","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000459","article-title":"Lactulose: mannitol diagnostic test by HPLC and LC-MSMS platforms: considerations for field studies of intestinal barrier function and environmental enteropathy.","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905003836500_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0021042","article-title":"Absorption of intact oligosaccharide in health and disease.","volume":"2","author":"Menzies","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265150361S113","article-title":"Environmental enteric dysfunction: an overview.","volume":"36","author":"Crane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-129","article-title":"Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral vaccines in developing countries: lessons from a live cholera vaccine.","volume":"8","author":"Levine","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2012.0367","article-title":"RNA sequencing: platform selection, experimental design, and data interpretation.","volume":"22","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Ther"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B59","author":"Yu"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905003836500_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003382","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003382","article-title":"The newest \u201comics\u201d\u2014metagenomics and metabolomics\u2014enter the battle against the neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"9","author":"Preidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905003836500_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05664.x","article-title":"Using breath tests wisely in a gastroenterology practice: an evidence-based review of indications and pitfalls in interpretation.","volume":"97","author":"Romagnuolo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8806","article-title":"Diet and specific microbial exposure trigger features of environmental enteropathy in a novel murine model.","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B63","first-page":"51","article-title":"13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.","volume":"17","author":"Di Rienzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905003836500_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199708000-00005","article-title":"The 13C-xylose breath test for the diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth in children.","volume":"25","author":"Dellert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905003836500_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2257","article-title":"13C-sucrose breath test: novel use of a noninvasive biomarker of environmental gut health.","volume":"124","author":"Ritchie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905003836500_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(97)00037-8","article-title":"Metabolism of glycosyl ureides by human intestinal brush border enzymes.","volume":"1336","author":"Ruemmele","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120905003836500_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0097-8","article-title":"Use of the lactose-[13C]ureide breath test for diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth: comparison to the glucose hydrogen breath test.","volume":"44","author":"Berthold","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905003836500_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.136127","article-title":"Fortification iron as ferrous sulfate plus ascorbic acid is more rapidly absorbed than as sodium iron EDTA but neither increases serum nontransferrin-bound iron in women.","volume":"141","author":"Troesch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905003836500_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E679","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00113.2001","article-title":"Double isotope tracer method for measuring fractional zinc absorption: theoretical analysis.","volume":"282","author":"Sparacino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B70","volume-title":"The Millennium Development Goals Report","author":"United Nations","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120905003836500_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0629","article-title":"Household environmental conditions are associated with enteropathy and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh.","volume":"89","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120905003836500_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e701","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00144-8","article-title":"Effect of a community-led sanitation intervention on child diarrhoea and child growth in rural Mali: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.","volume":"3","author":"Pickering","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120905003836500_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.94","article-title":"Microbiological quality of complementary foods and its association with diarrhoeal morbidity and nutritional status of Bangladeshi children.","volume":"66","author":"Islam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905003836500_B74","first-page":"309","article-title":"Association of vitamin A and zinc status with altered intestinal permeability: analyses of cohort data from northeastern Brazil.","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120905003836500_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2015.0110","article-title":"Increased exclusivity of breastfeeding associated with reduced gut inflammation in infants.","volume":"10","author":"Moodley-Govender","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905003836500_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv155","article-title":"Effect of fortified complementary food supplementation on child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized trial.","volume":"44","author":"Christian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905003836500_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.76.3.236","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in kwashiorkor.","volume":"76","author":"Brewster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0133-2","article-title":"Mesalazine in the initial management of severely acutely malnourished children with environmental enteric dysfunction: a pilot randomized controlled trial.","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2021120905003836500_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2007.00124.x","article-title":"Systematic review of the efficacy and effectiveness of complementary feeding interventions in developing countries.","volume":"4","author":"Dewey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"9610","key":"2021120905003836500_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61693-6","article-title":"What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival.","volume":"371","author":"Bhutta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0641\/910704\/peds_20160641.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0641\/910704\/peds_20160641.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T17:07:03Z","timestamp":1639069623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/138\/6\/e20160641\/52620\/Environmental-Enteric-Dysfunction-and-Growth"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0641","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"article-number":"e20160641"}}