{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T01:42:57Z","timestamp":1783993377269,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u03b2 blockers are widely used in the treatment of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. These medications cross the placenta and may cause physiologic changes in neonates exposed in utero. We sought to define the risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia associated with maternal exposure to \u03b2 blockers at the time of delivery in a large, nationwide cohort of Medicaid beneficiaries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used a cohort of 2\u2009292\u2009116 completed pregnancies linked to liveborn infants of Medicaid-enrolled women from 2003 to 2007. We examined the risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and neonatal bradycardia associated with maternal exposure to \u03b2 blockers at the time of delivery. Propensity score matching was used to control for potential confounders including maternal demographics, obstetric and medical conditions, and exposure to other medications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There were 10\u2009585 (0.5%) pregnancies exposed to \u03b2 blockers at the time of delivery. The risk of neonatal hypoglycemia was 4.3% in the \u03b2 blocker\u2013exposed neonates versus 1.2% in the unexposed; the risk of neonatal bradycardia was 1.6% in the exposed versus 0.5% in the unexposed. After controlling for confounders, risk remained elevated for both neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia among exposed pregnancies versus unexposed (adjusted odds ratio, 1.68, 95% confidence interval, 1.50\u20131.89 and adjusted odds ratio, 1.29, 95% confidence interval, 1.07\u20131.55, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings suggest that neonates born to mothers exposed to \u03b2 blockers in late pregnancy, including labetalol, are at elevated risk for neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T09:08:18Z","timestamp":1472548098000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Late Pregnancy \u03b2 Blocker Exposure and Risks of Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Bradycardia"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Patorno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi J.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen W.","family":"Seely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Mogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Hernandez-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. 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