{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:03:11Z","timestamp":1792674191485,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"CONTEXT:<\/jats:title>Given the recent expansion of research in the area of music therapy (MT) for preterm infants, there is a need for an up-to-date meta-analysis of rigorously designed studies that focus exclusively on MT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>To systematically review and meta-analyze the effect of MT on preterm infants and their parents during NICU hospitalization and after discharge from the hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>PubMed\/Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, ERIC, Web of Science, RILM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>STUDY SELECTION:<\/jats:title>Only parallel or crossover randomized controlled trials of MT versus standard care, comparison therapy, or placebo were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>Independent extraction by 2 reviewers, including risk of bias indicators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>From 1803 relevant records, 16 met inclusion criteria, of which 14 contained appropriate data for meta-analysis involving 964 infant participants and 266 parent participants. Overall, random-effects meta-analyses suggested significant large effects favoring MT for infant respiratory rate (mean difference, \u20133.91\/min, 95% confidence interval, \u22127.8 to \u22120.03) and maternal anxiety (standardized mean difference, \u20131.82, 95% confidence interval, \u22122.42 to \u22121.22). There was not enough evidence to confirm or refute any effects of MT on other physiologic and behavioral outcomes or on short-term infant and service-level outcomes. There was considerable heterogeneity between studies for the majority of outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>This review is limited by a lack of studies assessing long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>There is sufficient evidence to confirm a large, favorable effect of MT on infant respiratory rate and maternal anxiety. More rigorous research on short-term and long-term infant and parent outcomes is required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]],"date-time":"2016-08-25T09:07:21Z","timestamp":1472116041000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Music Therapy for Preterm Infants and Their Parents: A Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"\u0141ucja","family":"Bieleninik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Ghetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Grieg Academy Department of Music, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120905035033400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S2","article-title":"Born too soon: the global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births.","volume":"10","author":"Blencowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"9608","key":"2021120905035033400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood.","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0866","article-title":"Follow-up care of high-risk infants.","volume":"114","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905035033400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.31.5.311","article-title":"Music therapy research in the NICU: an updated meta-analysis.","volume":"31","author":"Standley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B5","unstructured":"Beth Israel Medical Center . First Sounds: Rhythm, Breath and Lullaby Training Roster. Available at: http:\/\/nicumusictherapy.com\/Nicumusictherapy\/Grandparents_Training_Roster.html. Accessed May 31, 2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905035033400_B6","article-title":"Premature infants: Perspectives on NICU-MT practice.","volume":"14","author":"Standley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905035033400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1367","article-title":"The effects of music therapy on vital signs, feeding, and sleep in premature infants.","volume":"131","author":"Loewy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120905035033400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1053\/nbin.2001.28099","article-title":"Music therapy for the neonate.","volume":"1","author":"Standley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Newborn Infant Nurs Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905035033400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/jpdn.2002.124128","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the efficacy of music therapy for premature infants.","volume":"17","author":"Standley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905035033400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F349","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.148411","article-title":"Music for medical indications in the neonatal period: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"94","author":"Hartling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B11","article-title":"Pretem infants\u2019 responses to music: An intergrative literature review.","volume":"10","author":"Hodges","year":"2010","journal-title":"South Online J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/08098131.2011.648653","article-title":"Music therapy for premature infants and their parents: an integrative review.","volume":"21","author":"Haslbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nord J Music Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120905035033400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement.","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B14","first-page":"247","article-title":"WHO: Recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976.","volume":"56","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184.ch16","article-title":"Special topics in statistics","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B16","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120905035033400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12744","article-title":"Maternal singing during kangaroo care led to autonomic stability in preterm infants and reduced maternal anxiety.","volume":"103","author":"Arnon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905035033400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0730-7659.2006.00090.x","article-title":"Live music is beneficial to preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit environment.","volume":"33","author":"Arnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905035033400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ANC.0000296634.26669.13","article-title":"Recorded maternal voice for preterm neonates undergoing heel lance.","volume":"7","author":"Johnston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/46.3.191","article-title":"The effects of music listening on inconsolable crying in premature infants.","volume":"46","author":"Keith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Music Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905035033400_B21","first-page":"354","article-title":"Combining kangaroo care and live harp music therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit setting.","volume":"13","author":"Schlez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B22","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effects of recorded sedative music on the physiology and behaviour of premature infants with a respiratory disorder.","volume":"14","author":"Calabro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust J Music Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/45.3.273","article-title":"The effects of mothers\u2019 singing on full-term and preterm infants and maternal emotional responses.","volume":"45","author":"Cevasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Music Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2547","article-title":"A pacifier-activated music player with mother\u2019s voice improves oral feeding in preterm infants.","volume":"133","author":"Chorna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1053\/jpdn.2003.34","article-title":"The effect of music-reinforced nonnutritive sucking on feeding rate of premature infants.","volume":"18","author":"Standley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B26","first-page":"206","article-title":"Music therapy may increase breastfeeding rates among mothers of premature newborns: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"87","author":"Vianna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/45.3.227","article-title":"The effect of music-reinforced nonnutritive sucking on state of preterm, low birthweight infants experiencing heelstick.","volume":"45","author":"Whipple","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Music Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/46.3.180","article-title":"The effect of decibel level of music stimuli and gender on head circumference and physiological responses of premature infants in the NICU.","volume":"46","author":"Cassidy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Music Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905035033400_B29","article-title":"Music therapy with premature infants and their caregivers in colombia \u2013 A mixed methods pilot study including a randomized trial.","volume":"14","author":"Ettenberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B30","first-page":"138","article-title":"The effect of music reinforcement for non-nutritive sucking on nipple feeding of premature infants.","volume":"36","author":"Standley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905035033400_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2012.01.001","article-title":"Effects of neurodevelopmental stimulation on premature infants in neonatal intensive care: Randomized controlled trial.","volume":"18","author":"Walworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neonatal Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905035033400_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1915","article-title":"Age terminology during the perinatal period.","volume":"114","author":"Engle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B33","volume-title":"Manual for the Naturalistic Observation of Newborn Behavior (Preterm and Full Term)","author":"Als","year":"1982"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120905035033400_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.6.1123","article-title":"Individualized behavioral and environmental care for the very low birth weight preterm infant at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: neonatal intensive care unit and developmental outcome.","volume":"78","author":"Als","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120905035033400_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1994.tb01924.x","article-title":"Infant stimulation: modification of an intervention based on physiologic and behavioral cues.","volume":"23","author":"Burns","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0442-3_2","article-title":"Toward a research instrument for the Assessment of Preterm Infants\u2019 Behavior (APIB)","volume-title":"Theory and Research in Behavioral Pediatrics","author":"Als","year":"1982"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S467","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20561","article-title":"Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A).","volume":"63","author":"Julian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120905035033400_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200109000-00004","article-title":"Predictors of postpartum depression: an update.","volume":"50","author":"Beck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120905035033400_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20137","article-title":"Anxiety affects the relationship between parents and their very low birth weight infants.","volume":"28","author":"Zelkowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-S1-S10","article-title":"Key components of early intervention programs for preterm infants and their parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Benzies","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2021120905035033400_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S1","article-title":"Born Too Soon: Preterm birth matters.","volume":"10","author":"Howson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120905035033400_B42","first-page":"655","article-title":"The cost of saving the tiniest lives: NICUs versus Prevention.","volume":"10","author":"Muraskas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virtual Mentor"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120905035033400_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105310374781","article-title":"Reporting guidelines for music-based interventions.","volume":"16","author":"Robb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0971\/1094882\/peds_20160971.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0971\/1094882\/peds_20160971.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T01:04:23Z","timestamp":1657155863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/138\/3\/e20160971\/52694\/Music-Therapy-for-Preterm-Infants-and-Their"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-0971","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"article-number":"e20160971"}}