{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:38:49Z","timestamp":1790811529261,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are limited epidemiologic data on persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). We sought to describe the incidence and 1-year mortality of PPHN by its underlying cause, and to identify risk factors for PPHN in a contemporary population-based dataset.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development maintains a database linking maternal and infant hospital discharges, readmissions, and birth and death certificates from 1 year before to 1 year after birth. We searched the database (2007\u20132011) for cases of PPHN (identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes), including infants \u226534 weeks\u2019 gestational age without congenital heart disease. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to identify risk factors associated with PPHN; results are presented as risk ratios, 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidence of PPHN was 0.18% (3277 cases\/1\u2009781\u2009156 live births). Infection was the most common cause (30.0%). One-year mortality was 7.6%; infants with congenital anomalies of the respiratory tract had the highest mortality (32.0%). Risk factors independently associated with PPHN included gestational age &amp;lt;37 weeks, black race, large and small for gestational age, maternal preexisting and gestational diabetes, obesity, and advanced age. Female sex, Hispanic ethnicity, and multiple gestation were protective against PPHN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This risk factor profile will aid clinicians identifying infants at increased risk for PPHN, as they are at greater risk for rapid clinical deterioration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T10:10:09Z","timestamp":1480587009000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn in Late Preterm and Term Infants in California"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Martina A.","family":"Steurer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Jelliffe-Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and"},{"name":"California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, California; and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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