{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:36:46Z","timestamp":1786387006527,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rhinoviruses frequently cause respiratory infections in young children. We aimed to establish the burden of acute respiratory infections caused by rhinovirus during the first 2 years of life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this prospective birth cohort study, we followed 923 children for acute respiratory infections from birth to 2 years of age. Data on respiratory infections were collected by daily symptom diaries, study clinic visits, and from electronic registries. Respiratory viruses were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and antigen assays during respiratory infections and at the age of 2, 13, and 24 months. The rates of rhinovirus infections and associated morbidities were determined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We documented 8847 episodes of acute respiratory infections, with an annual rate of 5.9 per child (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7\u20136.1). Rhinovirus was detected in 59% of acute respiratory infections analyzed for viruses. Rhinovirus was associated with 50% of acute otitis media episodes, 41% of wheezing illnesses, 49% of antibiotic treatments, and 48% of outpatient office visits for acute respiratory infections. The estimated mean annual rate of rhinovirus infections was 3.5 per child (95% CI, 3.3\u20133.6), 47 per 100 children (95% CI, 42\u201352) for rhinovirus-associated acute otitis media, and 61 per 100 children (95% CI, 55\u201368) for rhinovirus-associated antibiotic treatment. The prevalence of rhinovirus at 2, 13, or 24 months of age was 14 to 24%, and 9% of asymptomatic children were positive for rhinovirus.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rhinovirus infections impose a major burden of acute respiratory illness and antibiotic use on young children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,31]],"date-time":"2016-08-31T18:58:27Z","timestamp":1472669907000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Rhinovirus Infections in the First 2 Years of Life"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Toivonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital,"},{"name":"Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linnea","family":"Schuez-Havupalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital,"},{"name":"Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinikka","family":"Karppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital,"},{"name":"Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Teros-Jaakkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital,"},{"name":"Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maris","family":"Rulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital,"},{"name":"Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Mertsola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital,"},{"name":"Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Waris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Peltola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital,"},{"name":"Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021120907153802300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800050779","article-title":"Acute respiratory illness in the community. 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