{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:24:41Z","timestamp":1790508281806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"Supplement_2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual reality (VR) technologies allow for controlled simulations of affectively engaging background narratives. These virtual environments offer promise for enhancing emotionally relevant experiences and social interactions. Within this context, VR can allow instructors, therapists, neuropsychologists, and service providers to offer safe, repeatable, and diversifiable interventions that can benefit assessments and learning in both typically developing children and children with disabilities. Research has also pointed to VR\u2019s capacity to reduce children\u2019s experience of aversive stimuli and reduce anxiety levels. Although there are a number of purported advantages of VR technologies, challenges have emerged. One challenge for this field of study is the lack of consensus on how to do trials. A related issue is the need for establishing the psychometric properties of VR assessments and interventions. This review investigates the advantages and challenges inherent in the application of VR technologies to pediatric assessments and interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1758i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T08:35:28Z","timestamp":1509525328000},"page":"S86-S91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Virtual Reality in Pediatric Psychology"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy;"},{"name":"Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southampton Education School, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Newbutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arts and Cultural Industries, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning Technologies, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120906421037000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10190-3_12","volume-title":"Immersed in Media: Telepresence Theory, Measurement & Technology","author":"Riva","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021120906421037000_B2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Feeling Present in The Physical World and in Computer-Mediated Environments","author":"Waterworth","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120906421037000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2015.1109524","article-title":"The potential of function-led virtual environments for ecologically valid measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology.","volume":"27","author":"Parsons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120906421037000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3122","article-title":"Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy.","volume":"12","author":"Bohil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120906421037000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712465335","article-title":"AULA-advanced virtual reality tool for the assessment of attention: normative study in Spain.","volume":"20","author":"Iriarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120906421037000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2830-5","article-title":"Brief report: a pilot study of the use of a virtual reality headset in autism populations.","volume":"46","author":"Newbutt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120906421037000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2013.834971","article-title":"Applications of technology in neuropsychological assessment.","volume":"27","author":"Parsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906421037000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580600943473","article-title":"A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children with ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods.","volume":"13","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120906421037000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-9-25","article-title":"The potential of virtual reality as anxiety management tool: a randomized controlled study in a sample of patients affected by generalized anxiety disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Gorini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906421037000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/17518420902991719","article-title":"Virtual reality in paediatric rehabilitation: a review.","volume":"12","author":"Parsons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120906421037000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318192bfb1","article-title":"Pain, fatigue, and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with chronic pain.","volume":"25","author":"Gold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2021120906421037000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00236","article-title":"Out of my real body: cognitive neuroscience meets eating disorders.","volume":"8","author":"Riva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906421037000_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TLD.0000285356.95426.3b","article-title":"Virtual environments supporting learning and communication in special needs education.","volume":"27","author":"Cobb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Lang Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120906421037000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2470-1","article-title":"Brief report: vocational outcomes for young adults with autism spectrum disorders at six months after virtual reality job interview training.","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120906421037000_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2013.832999","article-title":"Virtual-reality-based social interaction training for children with high-functioning autism.","volume":"106","author":"Ke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Educ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906421037000_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000037421.98517.8d","article-title":"The use and understanding of virtual environments by adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders.","volume":"34","author":"Parsons","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120906421037000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2011.0140","article-title":"The present and future of positive technologies.","volume":"15","author":"Botella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120906421037000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2011.0139","article-title":"Positive technology: using interactive technologies to promote positive functioning.","volume":"15","author":"Riva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906421037000_B19","first-page":"371","article-title":"The utility of using immersive virtual environments for the assessment of science inquiry learning.","volume":"24","author":"Code","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Interact Learn Res"},{"key":"2021120906421037000_B20","unstructured":"Google. Expeditions pioneer program - Google. Available at: https:\/\/www.google.com\/edu\/expeditions\/. Accessed December 10, 2016"},{"key":"2021120906421037000_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05834-4","volume-title":"Serious Games Analytics: Methodologies for Performance Measurement, Assessment, and Improvement","author":"Loh","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021120906421037000_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00164","article-title":"Transforming experience: the potential of augmented reality and virtual reality for enhancing personal and clinical change.","volume":"7","author":"Riva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021120906421037000_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4306","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4306","article-title":"Margaret McCartney: game on for Pok\u00e9mon Go.","volume":"354","author":"McCartney","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021120906421037000_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2016.08.001","article-title":"Authenticity in virtual reality for assessment and intervention in Autism: a conceptual review.","volume":"19","author":"Parsons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906421037000_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2007.07.007","article-title":"Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis.","volume":"39","author":"Parsons","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021120906421037000_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00660","article-title":"Virtual reality for enhanced ecological validity and experimental control in the clinical, affective and social neurosciences.","volume":"9","author":"Parsons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021120906421037000_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.15.1987","article-title":"The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials.","volume":"285","author":"Moher","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120906421037000_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361310363283","article-title":"Sense of presence and atypical social judgments in immersive virtual environments. Responses of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"14","author":"Wallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"13","key":"2021120906421037000_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00397-0","article-title":"The visual effects of head-mounted display (HMD) are not distinguishable from those of desk-top computer display.","volume":"38","author":"Peli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120906421037000_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260903287267","article-title":"Virtually true: children\u2019s acquisition of false memories in virtual reality.","volume":"12","author":"Segovia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Media Psychol"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/140\/Supplement_2\/S86\/908224\/peds_20161758i.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/140\/Supplement_2\/S86\/908224\/peds_20161758i.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T01:04:28Z","timestamp":1639098268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/140\/Supplement_2\/S86\/34182\/Virtual-Reality-in-Pediatric-Psychology"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-1758i","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}}}