{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:53:36Z","timestamp":1787122416599,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine psychiatric morbidity and overall functioning in adults born with low birth weight compared with normal birth weight controls at age 26 years and to study longitudinal trajectories of psychiatric morbidity from early adolescence to adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study wherein 44 preterm very low birth weight (\u22641500 g), 64 term small for gestational age (SGA; &amp;lt;10th percentile), and 81 control adults were examined using the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview: M.I.N.I. Plus, Norwegian version, the Global Assessment of Functioning, and questions on daily occupation and level of education. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders from previous follow-ups at age 14 and 19 years were included for longitudinal analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From adolescence to adulthood, the term SGA group had a marked increase in the estimated probability of psychiatric disorders from 9% (95% confidence interval, 4\u201319) to 39% (95% confidence interval, 28\u201351). At 26 years, psychiatric diagnoses were significantly more prevalent in the preterm very low birth weight group (n = 16, 36%; P = .003) and the term SGA group (n = 24, 38%; P = .019) compared with the control group (n = 11, 14%). Both low birth weight groups had lower educational level and functioning scores than controls and a higher frequency of unemployment and disability benefit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low birth weight was a substantial risk factor for adult psychiatric morbidity and lowered overall functioning. The results underscore the need for long-term follow-up of low birth weight survivors through adolescence and adulthood, focusing on mental health. The longitudinal increase in psychiatric morbidity in the term SGA group calls for additional investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T05:05:21Z","timestamp":1485407121000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Psychiatric Disorders and General Functioning in Low Birth Weight Adults: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Astrid M. W.","family":"L\u00e6rum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s and Women\u2019s Health,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solveig Kl\u00e6bo","family":"Reitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience,"},{"name":"\u00d8stmarka Department of Psychiatry, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari Anne I.","family":"Evensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s and Women\u2019s Health,"},{"name":"Public Health and General Practice, and"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Trondheim Municipality, Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stian","family":"Lydersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Mari","family":"Brubakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s and Women\u2019s Health,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Skranes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s and Women\u2019s Health,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marit S.","family":"Indredavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2021121106065492300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3743","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disability through 11 years of age in children born before 26 weeks of gestation.","volume":"124","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121106065492300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1279","article-title":"Preterm birth and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in schoolchildren.","volume":"127","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121106065492300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.014","article-title":"Behavioural outcomes and psychopathology during adolescence.","volume":"89","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121106065492300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2816","article-title":"Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and\/or very low birth weight children.","volume":"124","author":"Aarnoudse-Moens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121106065492300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01267.x","article-title":"Preterm birth or foetal growth impairment and psychiatric hospitalization in adolescence and early adulthood in a Swedish population-based birth cohort.","volume":"119","author":"Monfils Gustafsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121106065492300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2008.06.004","article-title":"Psychiatric disorder in young adults born very preterm: role of family history.","volume":"23","author":"Walshe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121106065492300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.10.041","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in extremely preterm children.","volume":"156","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121106065492300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F445","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.038943","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in adolescents with low birth weight.","volume":"89","author":"Indredavik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121106065492300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.02111.x","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity in two low birth weight groups assessed by diagnostic interview in young adulthood.","volume":"100","author":"Lund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121106065492300_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1374","article-title":"Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life.","volume":"69","author":"Nosarti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121106065492300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.100","article-title":"Birth weight, schizophrenia, and adult mental disorder: is risk confined to the smallest babies?","volume":"67","author":"Abel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121106065492300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714001998","article-title":"Late preterm birth, post-term birth, and abnormal fetal growth as risk factors for severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood.","volume":"45","author":"Lahti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121106065492300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181ba0fba","article-title":"Adult outcomes of preterm children.","volume":"30","author":"Hack","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121106065492300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03743.x","article-title":"Cognitive profile in young adults born preterm at very low birthweight.","volume":"52","author":"L\u00f8haugen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121106065492300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.060","article-title":"Small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restriction decreases cognitive function in young adults.","volume":"163","author":"L\u00f8haugen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121106065492300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12430","article-title":"Deprived neighborhoods and adverse perinatal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"93","author":"Vos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121106065492300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.3.490","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of social causation and social selection processes involved in the association between socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"108","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121106065492300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2011.620561","article-title":"Adult psychiatric outcomes of very low birth weight survivors.","volume":"45","author":"Westrupp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B19","first-page":"76","article-title":"Body proportions and early neonatal morbidity in small-for-gestational-age infants of successive births.","volume":"165","author":"Vik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B20","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10.","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B21","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4th ed,"},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B22","volume-title":"Global Assessment of Functioning\u2013Split version (S-GAF): Background and Scoring Manual","author":"Karterud","year":"1998"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121106065492300_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B24","volume-title":"Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence.","author":"Kaufman","year":"2006","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121106065492300_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1080\/00949655.2011.579969","article-title":"The exact unconditional z-pooled test for equality of two binomial probabilities: optimal choice of the Berger and Boos confidence coefficient.","volume":"82","author":"Lydersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Comput Simul"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121106065492300_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00314-0","article-title":"Adjusting for multiple testing--when and how?","volume":"54","author":"Bender","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121106065492300_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0080-0","article-title":"Mental illness in a rural area: a Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study.","volume":"41","author":"Kringlen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.12.014","article-title":"Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among Swedish women: a population-based study.","volume":"58","author":"Brohede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.07.003","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: A systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence.","volume":"18","author":"Veale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2021121106065492300_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.107","article-title":"Comparison of visual perceptual organization in schizophrenia and body dysmorphic disorder.","volume":"229","author":"Silverstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"49","key":"2021121106065492300_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208180109","article-title":"Long-term influence of normal variation in neonatal characteristics on human brain development.","volume":"109","author":"Walhovd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121106065492300_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12251","article-title":"Blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and insulin response to psychosocial stress in young adults born preterm at very low birth weight.","volume":"80","author":"Kaseva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"10024","key":"2021121106065492300_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"387","author":"Thapar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121106065492300_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12456","article-title":"Attention problems in very preterm children from childhood to adulthood: the Bavarian Longitudinal Study.","volume":"57","author":"Breeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.031","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use, anxiety and mood disorders in epidemiological surveys, 1990-2014: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"154","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121106065492300_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x","article-title":"The origins of the developmental origins theory.","volume":"261","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121106065492300_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3143","article-title":"Mental health of extremely low birth weight survivors in their 30s.","volume":"135","author":"Van Lieshout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121106065492300_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20739","article-title":"Fetal growth and the lifetime risk of generalized anxiety disorder.","volume":"27","author":"Vasiliadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121106065492300_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716000830","article-title":"Common mental disorders in young adults born late-preterm.","volume":"46","author":"Heinonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2021121106065492300_B40","article-title":"Psykisk helse i Norge. Tilstandsrapport med internasjonale sammenligninger. Folkehelseinstituttet","author":"Bang Nes"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-2135\/1061304\/peds_20162135.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-2135\/1061304\/peds_20162135.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T04:04:17Z","timestamp":1639195457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/139\/2\/e20162135\/60149\/Psychiatric-Disorders-and-General-Functioning-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-2135","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"article-number":"e20162135"}}