{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:47:56Z","timestamp":1792176476258,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Little is known of the long-term, including school, outcomes of children diagnosed with Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) (International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Problems [10th Edition], Australian Modification, P96.1).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Linked analysis of health and curriculum-based test data for all children born in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 2000 and 2006. Children with NAS (n = 2234) were compared with a control group matched for gestation, socioeconomic status, and gender (n = 4330, control) and with other NSW children (n = 598 265, population) for results on the National Assessment Program: Literacy and Numeracy, in grades 3, 5, and 7.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean test scores (range 0\u20131000) for children with NAS were significantly lower in grade 3 (359 vs control: 410 vs population: 421). The deficit was progressive. By grade 7, children with NAS scored lower than other children in grade 5. The risk of not meeting minimum standards was independently associated with NAS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2\u20132.7), indigenous status (aOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 2.2\u20132.3), male gender (aOR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.3\u20131.4), and low parental education (aOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1\u20131.6), with all Ps &amp;lt; .001.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A neonatal diagnostic code of NAS is strongly associated with poor and deteriorating school performance. Parental education may decrease the risk of failure. Children with NAS and their families must be identified early and provided with support to minimize the consequences of poor educational outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T10:10:20Z","timestamp":1484561420000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and High School Performance"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Ju Lee","family":"Oei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health,"},{"name":"Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;"},{"name":"Ingham Research Centre, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Melhuish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Start Research Institute and"},{"name":"Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Uebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadin","family":"Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bajuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Pregnancy and Newborn Services and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Abdel-Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, the Australian National University, Deakin, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health,"},{"name":"Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Feller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health,"},{"name":"Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital Network, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Falconer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Langton Centre, Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Clews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Langton Centre, Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Eastwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health,"},{"name":"Ingham Research Centre, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia;"},{"name":"Community Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Menzies Centre for Health Policy, and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; 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