{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:33:43Z","timestamp":1791981223345,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":400,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 3500 infants die annually in the United States from sleep-related infant deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), ill-defined deaths, and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. After an initial decrease in the 1990s, the overall sleep-related infant death rate has not declined in more recent years. Many of the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths are strikingly similar. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a safe sleep environment that can reduce the risk of all sleep-related infant deaths. Recommendations for a safe sleep environment include supine positioning, use of a firm sleep surface, room-sharing without bed-sharing, and avoidance of soft bedding and overheating. Additional recommendations for SIDS risk reduction include avoidance of exposure to smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs; breastfeeding; routine immunization; and use of a pacifier. New evidence and rationale for recommendations are presented for skin-to-skin care for newborn infants, bedside and in-bed sleepers, sleeping on couches\/armchairs and in sitting devices, and use of soft bedding after 4 months of age. In addition, expanded recommendations for infant sleep location are included. The recommendations and strength of evidence for each recommendation are published in the accompanying policy statement, \u201cSIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment,\u201d which is included in this issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T05:07:18Z","timestamp":1477285638000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":483,"title":["SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Evidence Base for 2016 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Rachel Y.","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Darnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Feldman-Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Goodstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fern R.","family":"Hauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021120921110486600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2284","article-title":"SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment.","volume":"128","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120921110486600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2284","article-title":"SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment.","volume":"128","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120921110486600_B3","first-page":"548","article-title":"Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): a patient-centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature.","volume":"69","author":"Ebell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120921110486600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/15513819109065465","article-title":"Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.","volume":"11","author":"Willinger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"2021120921110486600_B5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 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Safe to Sleep campaign. Available at: www.nichd.nih.gov\/sts. Accessed September 21, 2016"},{"key":"2021120921110486600_B12","unstructured":"National Infant Sleep Position Study Web site. Available at: http:\/\/slone-web2.bu.edu\/ChimeNisp\/Main_Nisp.asp. Accessed January 10, 2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120921110486600_B13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infant mortality statistics from the 2013 period linked birth\/infant death data set.","volume":"64","author":"Matthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"2021120921110486600_B14","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services . Linked birth\/infant death records [CDC WONDER online database]. Available at: http:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/lbd.html. 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