{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:34:13Z","timestamp":1781004853087,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite maternal and child health benefits, breastfeeding rates are relatively low among low-income Puerto Rican mothers. This study examined the hypothesis that monthly financial incentives would significantly increase the proportion of breastfeeding mothers at 6 months postpartum compared with Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) services only among Puerto Rican mothers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A randomized, 2-arm parallel-group design, from February 2015 through February 2016. Half of the randomized participants received monthly financial incentives contingent on observed breastfeeding for 6 months (Incentive), and the other half received usual WIC services only (Control). Thirty-six self-identified Puerto Rican women who initiated breastfeeding were enrolled. Monthly cash incentives were contingent on observed breastfeeding increasing the amount given at each month from $20 to $70 for a total possible of $270.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The intent-to-treat analysis showed significantly higher percentages of breastfeeding mothers in the incentive group at each time point compared with those in the control group (89% vs 44%, P = .01 at 1 month; 89% vs 17%, P &amp;lt; .001 at 3 months; 72% vs 0%, P &amp;lt; .001 at 6 months). No significant differences were detected at any time point between study groups for self-reported exclusive breastfeeding rate and infant outcomes (ie, weight, emergency department visits).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Contingent cash incentives significantly increased breastfeeding through 6-month postpartum among WIC-enrolled Puerto Rican mothers; however, no significant differences between the study groups were observed on exclusive breastfeeding rate and infant outcomes. Larger-scale studies are warranted to examine efficacy, implementation potential, and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T10:10:13Z","timestamp":1486375813000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Incentive-based Intervention to Maintain Breastfeeding Among Low-income Puerto Rican Mothers"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Washio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christiana Care Health System\/University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Colchado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sierra-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zugui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christiana Care Health System\/University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley N.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Kilby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.O.R.T.H., Inc\u2014Philadelphia WIC program, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna J.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan T.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly C.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey; and"},{"name":"Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120907491154400_B1","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics\n          . 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