{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:30:31Z","timestamp":1767850231956,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONTEXT:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are associated with an increased risk of pneumonia in adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the association between ICS use and risk of pneumonia and other respiratory infections in children with asthma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched PubMed from inception until May 2015. We also searched clinicaltrials.gov and databases of pharmaceutical manufacturers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY SELECTION:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We selected randomized trials that compared ICS with placebo for at least 4 weeks in children with asthma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included 39 trials, of which 31 trials with 11\u2009615 patients contributed data to meta-analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The incidence of pneumonia was 0.58% (44\/7465) in the ICS group and 1.51% (63\/4150) in the placebo group. The meta-analysis of 9 trials that revealed at least 1 event of pneumonia revealed a reduced risk of pneumonia in patients taking ICS (risk ratio [RR]: 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44 to 0.94). Using risk difference as effect measure, the meta-analysis including all 31 trials revealed no significant difference in the risk of pneumonia between the ICS and placebo groups (risk difference: \u20130.1%; 95% CI: \u20130.3% to 0.2%). No significant association was found between ICS and risk of pharyngitis (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.18), otitis media (RR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.37), and sinusitis (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lack of clearly defined criteria for respiratory infections and possible publication bias.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regular use of ICS may not increase the risk of pneumonia or other respiratory infections in children with asthma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T10:10:12Z","timestamp":1487931012000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Inhaled Corticosteroids and Respiratory Infections in Children With Asthma: A Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Cristine","family":"Cazeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Public Health,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mariany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire Elizabeth","family":"Wainwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Lady Cilento Children\u2019s Hospital and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Public Health,"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil; and"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Science, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2021120907524530900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2014.995288","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\u2013the shifting treatment paradigm.","volume":"12","author":"Wilkie","year":"2015","journal-title":"COPD"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120907524530900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2013.836062","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma: on-demand or continuous use.","volume":"7","author":"Thomson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"3 pt 2","key":"2021120907524530900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.3.157315","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids. 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