{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T22:53:45Z","timestamp":1787957625632,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"abstract":"\n CONTEXT:<\/jats:title>\n Although effective health and nutrition interventions for reducing child mortality and morbidity exist, direct evidence of effects on cognitive, motor, and psychosocial development is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n To review existing evidence for health and nutrition interventions affecting direct measures of (and pathways to) early child development.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n Reviews and recent overviews of interventions across the continuum of care and component studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY SELECTION:<\/jats:title>\n We selected systematic reviews detailing the effectiveness of health or nutrition interventions that have plausible links to child development and\/or contain direct measures of cognitive, motor, and psychosocial development.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n A team of reviewers independently extracted data and assessed their quality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Sixty systematic reviews contained the outcomes of interest. Various interventions reduced morbidity and improved child growth, but few had direct measures of child development. Of particular benefit were food and micronutrient supplementation for mothers to reduce the risk of small for gestational age and iodine deficiency, strategies to reduce iron deficiency anemia in infancy, and early neonatal care (appropriate resuscitation, delayed cord clamping, and Kangaroo Mother Care). Neuroprotective interventions for imminent preterm birth showed the largest effect sizes (antenatal corticosteroids for developmental delay: risk ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.24 to 1.00; magnesium sulfate for gross motor dysfunction: risk ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.85).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>\n Given the focus on high-quality studies captured in leading systematic reviews, only effects reported within studies included in systematic reviews were captured.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n These findings should guide the prioritization and scale-up of interventions within critical periods of early infancy and childhood, and encourage research into their implementation at scale.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]],"date-time":"2017-07-25T09:10:13Z","timestamp":1500973813000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Promoting Early Child Development With Interventions in Health and Nutrition: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Tyler","family":"Vaivada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle F.","family":"Gaffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar A.","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121015093796800_B1","unstructured":"UNICEF, WHO, World Bank\n . 2014 joint child malnutrition estimates: levels and trends (September 2015 update). Available at: http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/child-malnutrition. Accessed August 2, 2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015093796800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3111","article-title":"Linear growth and child development in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis.","volume":"135","author":"Sudfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10064","key":"2021121015093796800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31389-7","article-title":"Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course.","volume":"389","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121015093796800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e916","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30266-2","article-title":"Risk of poor development in young children in low-income and middle-income countries: an estimation and analysis at the global, regional, and country level.","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10064","key":"2021121015093796800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31698-1","article-title":"Investing in the foundation of sustainable development: pathways to scale up for early childhood development.","volume":"389","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015093796800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002034","article-title":"Early childhood developmental status in low- and middle-income countries: national, regional, and global prevalence estimates using predictive modeling.","volume":"13","author":"McCoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015093796800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.06.002","article-title":"Enhancing the child survival agenda to promote, protect, and support early child development.","volume":"39","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4029","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4029","article-title":"Effective interventions and strategies for improving early child development.","volume":"351","author":"Daelmans","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9799","key":"2021121015093796800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60555-2","article-title":"Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development.","volume":"378","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9556","key":"2021121015093796800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60076-2","article-title":"Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries.","volume":"369","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015093796800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.200261","article-title":"Early childhood stunting is associated with lower developmental levels in the subsequent generation of children.","volume":"145","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.08.031","article-title":"An upside to reward sensitivity: the hippocampus supports enhanced reinforcement learning in adolescence.","volume":"92","author":"Davidow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"9555","key":"2021121015093796800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60032-4","article-title":"Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.","volume":"369","author":"Grantham-McGregor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B14","volume-title":"Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World","author":"Bale","year":"2003"},{"issue":"10047","key":"2021121015093796800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30902-3","article-title":"Congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil: a case series of the first 1501 livebirths with complete investigation.","volume":"388","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015093796800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.02.016","article-title":"Zika virus infects human cortical neural progenitors and attenuates their growth.","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015093796800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651303400308","article-title":"Implications of acquired environmental enteric dysfunction for growth and stunting in infants and children living in low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"34","author":"Keusch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12330","article-title":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: making the links.","volume":"1308","author":"Ngure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121015093796800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.215996","article-title":"Malnutrition and its determinants are associated with suboptimal cognitive, communication, and motor development in Tanzanian children.","volume":"145","author":"Sudfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0366","article-title":"An integrated scientific framework for child survival and early childhood development.","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015093796800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000051","article-title":"Impact of intrauterine growth restriction on long-term health.","volume":"17","author":"Salam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015093796800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1536","article-title":"Late-preterm birth and its association with cognitive and socioemotional outcomes at 6 years of age.","volume":"126","author":"Talge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9814","key":"2021121015093796800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61577-8","article-title":"Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review.","volume":"379","author":"Mwaniki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015093796800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639","article-title":"Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition.","volume":"10","author":"Lupien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121015093796800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30148-1","article-title":"Maternal depression and mental health in early childhood: an examination of underlying mechanisms in low-income and middle-income countries.","volume":"3","author":"Herba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9608","key":"2021121015093796800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood.","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B27","first-page":"CD004659","article-title":"Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications.","author":"Duley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B28","first-page":"CD004661","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus.","author":"Doyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015093796800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000224825.57976.87","article-title":"Neonatal infection and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in the preterm infant.","volume":"19","author":"Adams-Chapman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021121015093796800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2357","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection.","volume":"292","author":"Stoll","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015093796800_B31","first-page":"CD003248","article-title":"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes.","author":"Rabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015093796800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.024","article-title":"Sialylated milk oligosaccharides promote microbiota-dependent growth in models of infant undernutrition.","volume":"164","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP256","article-title":"Placental pathology associated with household air pollution in a cohort of pregnant women from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"125","author":"Wylie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.09.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental performance among school age children in rural Guatemala is associated with prenatal and postnatal exposure to carbon monoxide, a marker for exposure to woodsmoke.","volume":"33","author":"Dix-Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121015093796800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00852.x","article-title":"Maternal tobacco smoking, nicotine replacement and neurobehavioural development.","volume":"97","author":"Pauly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"9940","key":"2021121015093796800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60792-3","article-title":"Can available interventions end preventable deaths in mothers, newborn babies, and stillbirths, and at what cost?","volume":"384","author":"Bhutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9890","key":"2021121015093796800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?","volume":"382","author":"Bhutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9875","key":"2021121015093796800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60648-0","article-title":"Interventions to address deaths from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea equitably: what works and at what cost?","volume":"381","author":"Bhutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B39","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Essential interventions: implementation strategies and proposed packages of care.","volume":"11","author":"Lassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B40","volume-title":"A Global Review of the Key Interventions Related to Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (RMNCH)","author":"The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health","year":"2011"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121015093796800_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.10.009","article-title":"AMSTAR is a reliable and valid measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews.","volume":"62","author":"Shea","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S3","article-title":"The associations of birth intervals with small-for-gestational-age, preterm, and neonatal and infant mortality: a meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Kozuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015093796800_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1586\/17474108.2013.841453","article-title":"Risk factors and interventions related to maternal and pre-pregnancy obesity, pre-diabetes and diabetes for maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review.","volume":"8","author":"Lassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121015093796800_B44","first-page":"CD000169","article-title":"Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women in endemic areas: any drug regimen versus placebo or no treatment.","author":"Radeva-Petrova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B45","first-page":"CD003755","article-title":"Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy.","author":"Gamble","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i88","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq026","article-title":"Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas.","volume":"39","author":"Eisele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015093796800_B47","first-page":"CD000490","article-title":"Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.","author":"Smaill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B48","first-page":"CD006178","article-title":"Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery.","author":"Sangkomkamhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121015093796800_B49","first-page":"CD001058","article-title":"Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes.","author":"Kenyon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121015093796800_B50","first-page":"CD001055","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy.","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B51","volume-title":"WHO Recommendations on Interventions to Improve Preterm Birth Outcomes","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015093796800_B52","first-page":"CD004454","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth.","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i122","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq029","article-title":"Antenatal steroids in preterm labour for the prevention of neonatal deaths due to complications of preterm birth.","volume":"39","author":"Mwansa-Kambafwile","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01308.x","article-title":"Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes: effect of balanced protein-energy supplementation.","volume":"26","author":"Imdad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-S3-S3","article-title":"Preconception care: nutritional risks and interventions.","volume":"11","author":"Dean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121015093796800_B56","first-page":"CD007950","article-title":"Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects.","author":"De-Regil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S4","article-title":"The effect of folic acid, protein energy and multiple micronutrient supplements in pregnancy on stillbirths.","volume":"11","author":"Imdad","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01275.x","article-title":"The effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy and infancy.","volume":"26","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121015093796800_B59","first-page":"CD004736","article-title":"Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Rosas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121015093796800_B60","first-page":"CD004905","article-title":"Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy.","author":"Haider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0633-3","article-title":"Maternal antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation for long-term health benefits in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Devakumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S12","article-title":"Neonatal resuscitation and immediate newborn assessment and stimulation for the prevention of neonatal deaths: a systematic review, meta-analysis and Delphi estimation of mortality effect.","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B63","first-page":"CD003766","article-title":"Continuous support for women during childbirth.","volume":"7","author":"Hodnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S10","article-title":"Care during labor and birth for the prevention of intrapartum-related neonatal deaths: a systematic review and Delphi estimation of mortality effect.","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B65","first-page":"CD003311","article-title":"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015093796800_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12469","article-title":"Effects of placental transfusion in extremely low birthweight infants: meta-analysis of long- and short-term outcomes.","volume":"54","author":"Ghavam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121015093796800_B67","first-page":"CD004074","article-title":"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.","author":"McDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015093796800_B68","first-page":"CD002771","article-title":"Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants.","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i144","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq031","article-title":"\u2018Kangaroo mother care\u2019 to prevent neonatal deaths due to preterm birth complications.","volume":"39","author":"Lawn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015093796800_B70","first-page":"CD004210","article-title":"Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and\/or low birthweight infants.","author":"McCall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015093796800_B71","first-page":"CD003519","article-title":"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants.","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B72","first-page":"CD001150","article-title":"Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants.","author":"Cleminson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S31","article-title":"Emollient therapy for preterm newborn infants\u2013evidence from the developing world.","volume":"13","author":"Salam","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2009.12.004","article-title":"Preterm infant massage therapy research: a review.","volume":"33","author":"Field","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"10017","key":"2021121015093796800_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B76","volume-title":"Short-Term Effects of Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review of the Benefits of Breastfeeding on Diarhoea and Pneumonia Mortality","author":"Horta","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S19","article-title":"Time to initiation of breastfeeding and neonatal mortality and morbidity: a systematic review.","volume":"13","author":"Debes","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015093796800_B78","first-page":"CD003517","article-title":"Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding.","author":"Kramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13539","article-title":"Publication bias in a recent meta-analysis on breastfeeding and IQ.","volume":"106","author":"Ritchie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13671","article-title":"Author's response to suggestion of publication bias in a recent meta-analysis on breastfeeding and intelligence quotient.","volume":"106","author":"Horta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"467","key":"2021121015093796800_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13139","article-title":"Breastfeeding and intelligence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"104","author":"Horta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015093796800_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.5.578","article-title":"Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial.","volume":"65","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B83","first-page":"CD001688","article-title":"Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding.","author":"Dyson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S20","article-title":"Breastfeeding promotion interventions and breastfeeding practices: a systematic review.","volume":"13","author":"Haroon","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10017","key":"2021121015093796800_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01044-2","article-title":"Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?","volume":"387","author":"Rollins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"467","key":"2021121015093796800_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13127","article-title":"Interventions to improve breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"104","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.649S","article-title":"A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children.","volume":"131","author":"Grantham-McGregor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121015093796800_B88","first-page":"CD009085","article-title":"Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age.","author":"De-Regil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004677","article-title":"Effect of iron supplementation on mental and motor development in children: systematic review of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"8","author":"Sachdev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B90","first-page":"115","article-title":"Multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","author":"Eilander","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S22","article-title":"Effectiveness of Micronutrient Powders (MNP) in women and children.","volume":"13","author":"Salam","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121015093796800_B92","first-page":"CD008524","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age.","author":"Imdad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S13","article-title":"Impact of education and provision of complementary feeding on growth and morbidity in children less than 2 years of age in developing countries: a systematic review.","volume":"13","author":"Lassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015093796800_B94","first-page":"CD009924","article-title":"Food supplementation for improving the physical and psychosocial health of socio-economically disadvantaged children aged three months to five years: a systematic review.","author":"Kristjansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121015093796800_B95","first-page":"CD009584","article-title":"Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries.","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S23","article-title":"Treatment of severe and moderate acute malnutrition in low- and middle-income settings: a systematic review, meta-analysis and Delphi process.","volume":"13","author":"Lenters","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i48","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq021","article-title":"Effectiveness of measles vaccination and vitamin A treatment.","volume":"39","author":"Sudfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-S3-S11","article-title":"Vaccines for the prevention of diarrhea due to cholera, shigella, ETEC and rotavirus.","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i172","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq033","article-title":"The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood pneumonia incidence, severe morbidity and mortality.","volume":"39","author":"Theodoratou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015093796800_B100","first-page":"CD009382","article-title":"Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children.","author":"Dangour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i193","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq035","article-title":"Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea.","volume":"39","author":"Cairncross","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S22","article-title":"Effect of preventive zinc supplementation on linear growth in children under 5 years of age in developing countries: a meta-analysis of studies for input to the lives saved tool.","volume":"11","author":"Imdad","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B103","first-page":"CD005436","article-title":"Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children.","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121015093796800_B104","first-page":"CD009384","article-title":"Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12 years of age.","author":"Mayo-Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B105","first-page":"CD007991","article-title":"Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children.","volume":"12","author":"Gogia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121015093796800_B106","first-page":"CD003756","article-title":"Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in children living in areas with seasonal transmission.","author":"Meremikwu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B107","first-page":"CD010767","article-title":"Intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment for children with anaemia.","volume":"1","author":"Athuman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121015093796800_B108","first-page":"CD000371","article-title":"Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin, and school performance.","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30242-X","article-title":"Mass deworming to improve developmental health and wellbeing of children in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Welch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"7578","key":"2021121015093796800_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16033","article-title":"Global research priorities for infections that affect the nervous system.","volume":"527","author":"John","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12319","article-title":"Measures and indicators for assessing impact of interventions integrating nutrition, health, and early childhood development.","volume":"1308","author":"Frongillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0189-y","article-title":"The economic consequences of selected maternal and early childhood nutrition interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a review of the literature, 2000-2013.","volume":"15","author":"Halim","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015093796800_B113","first-page":"CD002771","article-title":"Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants.","author":"Conde-Agudelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015093796800_B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1015417","article-title":"Neurodevelopment in children with intrauterine growth restriction: adverse effects and interventions.","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.08.002","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the relationship between antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight.","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015093796800_B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.684","article-title":"Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"70","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015093796800_B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00099-6","article-title":"Effects of a parenting intervention to address maternal psychological wellbeing and child development and growth in rural Uganda: a community-based, cluster randomised trial.","volume":"3","author":"Singla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121015093796800_B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-58","article-title":"Associations between preterm birth, small-for-gestational age, and neonatal morbidity and cognitive function among school-age children in Nepal.","volume":"14","author":"Christian","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121015093796800_B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12864","article-title":"Cognitive outcome varies in adolescents born preterm, depending on gestational age, intrauterine growth and neonatal complications.","volume":"104","author":"Lundequist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121015093796800_B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)70002-1","article-title":"Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study from Brazil.","volume":"3","author":"Victora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015128","article-title":"Global health and development in early childhood.","volume":"66","author":"Aboud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2021121015093796800_B122","unstructured":"UNICEF\n . Care for child development package. Available at: www.unicef.org\/earlychildhood\/index_68195.html. Accessed July 20, 2016"},{"issue":"9950","key":"2021121015093796800_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60455-4","article-title":"Effect of integrated responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in the Lady Health Worker programme in Pakistan on child development, growth, and health outcomes: a cluster-randomised factorial effectiveness trial.","volume":"384","author":"Yousafzai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121015093796800_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e548","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30100-0","article-title":"Effects of responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions on children\u2019s development and growth at age 4 years in a disadvantaged population in Pakistan: a longitudinal follow-up of a cluster-randomised factorial effectiveness trial.","volume":"4","author":"Yousafzai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-4308\/1064845\/peds_20164308.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2016-4308\/1064845\/peds_20164308.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T04:40:14Z","timestamp":1639197614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/140\/2\/e20164308\/38702\/Promoting-Early-Child-Development-With"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-4308","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"article-number":"e20164308"}}