{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:43:54Z","timestamp":1790707434798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive and behavioral impairments of children born extremely preterm (EP) (&amp;lt;28 weeks\u2019 gestation) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) (&amp;lt;1000 g) may change with age. We assessed the individual stability of behavioral executive function (EF) from 8 to 18 years of age in children born EP or ELBW and their academic outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants comprised 180 children born EP or ELBW from a large geographic cohort. We investigated the frequency of 4 developmental groups (persistent, remitting, late-onset, and typical development) on the basis of dichotomized scores (typical versus elevated) at ages 8 and 18 years in 2 indices (the Behavioral Regulation Index [BRI] and the Metacognition Index [MCI]) of the parental form of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Adolescent academic outcomes were measured by using the word reading, spelling, and math computation subtests of the Wide Range Achievement Test, Fourth Edition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most participants had a typical EF (BRI 61%, MCI 53%), followed by persistent (BRI 15%, MCI 16%), late-onset (BRI 12%, MCI 19%), or remitting (BRI 12%, MCI 13%) executive difficulties. Groups with executive impairments at age 18 years (persistent and late onset) had poorer academic outcomes than the typical and remitting groups. Shifting impairment categories between 8 and 18 years old was relevant to later academic outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most children showed stable and age-appropriate EF, although persistent and transient difficulties were observed and related to uneven academic outcomes. Studying the origins and consequences of the developmental stability of EF may contribute to the development of interventions to decrease the adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T09:10:21Z","timestamp":1504084221000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Executive Function and Academic Outcomes in Children Who Were Extremely Preterm"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Danielle S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Bras\u00edlia, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora M.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;"},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation of Brazil, Bras\u00edlia, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice C.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Services, Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lex W.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Services, Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanie L.Y.","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Services, Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021120916173209800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3188","article-title":"Executive function in adolescents born &lt;1000 g or &lt;28 weeks: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"135","author":"Burnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120916173209800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2311","article-title":"School-age outcomes of extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight children.","volume":"131","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120916173209800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.07.001","article-title":"Executive function and developmental disorders: the flip side of the coin.","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120916173209800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000076","article-title":"Latent mean differences in executive function in at-risk preterm children: the delay-deficit dilemma.","volume":"28","author":"Baron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120916173209800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1906-2","article-title":"Executive functions of children born very preterm\u2013deficit or delay?","volume":"172","author":"Ritter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120916173209800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.6.705","article-title":"Change in cognitive function over time in very low-birth-weight infants.","volume":"289","author":"Ment","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(00)00055-4","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of children born preterm: cognitive development at age 19.","volume":"58","author":"Tideman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120916173209800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2006","article-title":"Biological and social influences on outcomes of extreme-preterm\/low-birth weight adolescents.","volume":"136","author":"Doyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120916173209800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155157","article-title":"Preterm birth, age at school entry and long term educational achievement.","volume":"11","author":"Odd","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120916173209800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20152255","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2255","article-title":"Emotional and behavioral problems of preterm and full-term children at school entry.","volume":"137","author":"Hornman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015038","article-title":"Childhood antecedents and risk for adult mental disorders.","volume":"66","author":"Pine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704102038","article-title":"Longitudinal outcomes of very low birth weight: neuropsychological findings.","volume":"10","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions.","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.11.004","article-title":"Growing up after extremely preterm birth: lifespan mental health outcomes.","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120916173209800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1204_2","article-title":"A model of the development of frontal lobe functioning: findings from a meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Romine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120916173209800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.50","article-title":"Executive functioning in school-aged children who were born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight in the 1990s.","volume":"114","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120916173209800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001057","article-title":"Attention difficulties in a contemporary geographic cohort of adolescents born extremely preterm\/extremely low birth weight.","volume":"19","author":"Wilson-Ching","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120916173209800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151819","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151819","article-title":"Executive functioning and learning skills of adolescent children born at fewer than 26 weeks of gestation.","volume":"11","author":"Farooqi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.07.018","article-title":"Executive function skills are associated with reading and parent-rated child function in children born prematurely.","volume":"88","author":"Loe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120916173209800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01068.x","article-title":"Modeling a cascade of effects: the role of speed and executive functioning in preterm\/full-term differences in academic achievement.","volume":"14","author":"Rose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120916173209800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1150-L","article-title":"Prevalence, stability, and predictors of clinically significant behavior problems in low birth weight children at 3, 5, and 8 years of age.","volume":"114","author":"Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120916173209800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.6.752","article-title":"Cognitive function in preterm infants: no simple answers.","volume":"289","author":"Aylward","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120916173209800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030196","article-title":"Vantage sensitivity: individual differences in response to positive experiences.","volume":"139","author":"Pluess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"24","key":"2021120916173209800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.24.3264","article-title":"Neurobehavioral outcomes of school-age children born extremely low birth weight or very preterm in the 1990s.","volume":"289","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120916173209800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.1.134","article-title":"Outcome at 5 years of age of children 23 to 27 weeks\u2019 gestation: refining the prognosis.","volume":"108","author":"Doyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1997.tb01021.x","article-title":"Outcome at 2 years of children 23-27 weeks\u2019 gestation born in Victoria in 1991-92.","volume":"33","author":"The Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B27","volume-title":"Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function: Professional Manual","author":"Gioia","year":"2000"},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B28","volume-title":"Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT4)","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.897318","article-title":"Much ado about norming: the behavior rating inventory of executive function.","volume":"21","author":"Roth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B30","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) Manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164402062002002","article-title":"A history of effect size indices.","volume":"62","author":"Huberty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B32","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B33","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120916173209800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12219","article-title":"Behaviours related to executive functions and learning skills at 11 years of age after extremely preterm birth: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study.","volume":"102","author":"Farooqi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120916173209800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02790.x","article-title":"Academic achievement of adolescents born with extremely low birth weight.","volume":"101","author":"Litt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120916173209800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1421","article-title":"Executive and memory function in adolescents born very preterm.","volume":"127","author":"Luu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120916173209800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2013.859663","article-title":"Latent mean comparisons on the BRIEF in preterm children: parent and teacher differences.","volume":"20","author":"McCann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2013.773968","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral aspects of executive functions in children born very preterm.","volume":"20","author":"Ritter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120916173209800_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02615.x","article-title":"Annual research review: resilience\u2013clinical implications.","volume":"54","author":"Rutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120916173209800_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000093","article-title":"Is the behavior rating inventory of executive function more strongly associated with measures of impairment or executive function?","volume":"16","author":"McAuley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2816","article-title":"Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and\/or very low birth weight children.","volume":"124","author":"Aarnoudse-Moens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120916173209800_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615596230","article-title":"Preterm birth and adult wealth: mathematics skills count.","volume":"26","author":"Basten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120916173209800_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025510","article-title":"Cognitive predictors of achievement growth in mathematics: a 5-year longitudinal study.","volume":"47","author":"Geary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120916173209800_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.06.072","article-title":"Childhood poverty: specific associations with neurocognitive development.","volume":"1110","author":"Farah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120916173209800_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3983","article-title":"Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents.","volume":"18","author":"Noble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120916173209800_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001335","article-title":"Family socioeconomic status and child executive functions: the roles of language, home environment, and single parenthood.","volume":"17","author":"Sarsour","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120916173209800_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.5.658","article-title":"Effects of biological and social factors on the cognitive development of very low birth weight children.","volume":"92","author":"Weisglas-Kuperus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120916173209800_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1183-8","article-title":"Nature or nurture: a systematic review of the effect of socio-economic status on the developmental and cognitive outcomes of children born preterm.","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120916173209800_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.09.004","article-title":"Executive function in children born preterm: risk factors and implications for outcome.","volume":"40","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120916173209800_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.05.004","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioural outcomes following very preterm birth.","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120916173209800_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2010.509715","article-title":"Age-related changes in executive function: a normative study with the Dutch version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF).","volume":"17","author":"Huizinga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120916173209800_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.906569","article-title":"Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and structural invariance with age of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)\u2013French version.","volume":"21","author":"Fournet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00048","article-title":"Cognitive, parent and teacher rating measures of executive functioning: shared and unique influences on school achievement.","volume":"8","author":"Dekker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120916173209800_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12001","article-title":"Practitioner review: do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct?","volume":"54","author":"Toplak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120916173209800_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1120860","article-title":"[Formula: see text] Cognitive and behavioral rating measures of executive function as predictors of academic outcomes in children.","volume":"23","author":"Gerst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2021120916173209800_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015156","article-title":"Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior.","volume":"66","author":"Casey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2017-0257\/1104477\/peds_20170257.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2017-0257\/1104477\/peds_20170257.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T23:22:01Z","timestamp":1659396121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/140\/3\/e20170257\/38418\/Executive-Function-and-Academic-Outcomes-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-0257","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"article-number":"e20170257"}}