{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:40:21Z","timestamp":1792338021391,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Research of adults and school-aged children suggest a neurodevelopmental basis for psychiatric disorders. We examined whether infant neuromotor development predicted internalizing and externalizing problems in young children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Generation R, a population-based cohort in the Netherlands (2002\u20132006), trained research assistants evaluated the neuromotor development of 4006 infants aged 2 to 5 months by using an adapted version of Touwen\u2019s Neurodevelopmental Examination (tone, responses, and senses and other observations). We defined nonoptimal neuromotor development as scores in the highest tertile. Mothers and fathers rated their children\u2019s behavior at ages 1.5, 3, 6, and 10 years with the Child Behavior Checklist (n = 3474, response: 86.7%). The associations were tested with generalized linear mixed models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, neuromotor development predicted internalizing scores, but no association was observed with externalizing scores. Nonoptimal muscle tone was associated with higher internalizing scores (mothers\u2019 report: \u03b2 = .07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 0.13; fathers\u2019 report: \u03b2 = .09, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.16). In particular, nonoptimal low muscle tone was associated with higher internalizing scores (mothers\u2019 report: \u03b2 = .11; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.18; fathers\u2019 report: \u03b2 = .13; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.22). We also observed an association between senses and other observations with internalizing scores. There was no relationship between high muscle tone or reflexes and internalizing scores.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Common emotional problems in childhood have a neurodevelopmental basis in infancy. Neuromotor assessment in infancy may help identify vulnerability to early internalizing symptoms and offer the opportunity for targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]],"date-time":"2017-11-14T08:30:13Z","timestamp":1510648213000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Infant Neuromotor Development and Childhood Problem Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Fadila","family":"Serdarevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group and"},{"name":"Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhgar","family":"Ghassabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; 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