{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:22:57Z","timestamp":1791116577085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the association of antibiotic use with weight outcomes in a large cohort of children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Health care data were available from 2009 to 2016 for 35 institutions participating in the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network. Participant inclusion required same-day height and weight measurements at 0 to &amp;lt;12, 12 to &amp;lt;30, and 48 to &amp;lt;72 months of age. We assessed the association between any antibiotic use at &amp;lt;24 months of age with BMI z score and overweight or obesity prevalence at 48 to &amp;lt;72 months (5 years) of age, with secondary assessments of antibiotic spectrum and age-period exposures. We included children with and without complex chronic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 1\u2009792\u2009849 children with a same-day height and weight measurement at &amp;lt;12 months of age, 362\u2009550 were eligible for the cohort. One-half of children (52%) were boys, 27% were African American, 18% were Hispanic, and 58% received \u22651 antibiotic prescription at &amp;lt;24 months of age. At 5 years, the mean BMI z score was 0.40 (SD 1.19), and 28% of children had overweight or obesity. In adjusted models for children without a complex chronic condition at 5 years, we estimated a higher mean BMI z score by 0.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03 to 0.05) and higher odds of overweight or obesity (odds ratio 1.05; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.07) associated with obtaining any (versus no) antibiotics at &amp;lt;24 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibiotic use at &amp;lt;24 months of age was associated with a slightly higher body weight at 5 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T07:27:36Z","timestamp":1540970856000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Early Antibiotic Exposure and Weight Outcomes in Young Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Block","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Charles","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Clinical Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Gillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and"},{"name":"Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Lunsford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Fork School District, Utica, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihuoma","family":"Eneli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Finkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Heerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casie E.","family":"Horgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Hsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Population Health and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goutham","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane S.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics Research and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheryl L.","family":"Rifas-Shiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Sturtevant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics Research and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengwee","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics Research and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Trasande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, New York; 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