{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:14:17Z","timestamp":1790392457317,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies addressing breastfeeding and obesity rarely document the method of breast milk feeding, type of supplementation, or feeding in hospital. We investigated these practices in the CHILD birth cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Feeding was reported by mothers and documented from hospital records. Weight and BMI z scores (BMIzs) were measured at 12 months. Analyses controlled for maternal BMI and other confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 2553 mother-infant dyads, 97% initiated breastfeeding, and the median breastfeeding duration was 11.0 months. Most infants (74%) received solids before 6 months. Among \u201cexclusively breastfed\u201d infants, 55% received some expressed breast milk, and 27% briefly received formula in hospital. Compared with exclusive direct breastfeeding at 3 months, all other feeding styles were associated with higher BMIzs: adjusted \u03b2: +.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .01 to .23) for some expressed milk, +.28 (95% CI: .16 to .39) for partial breastfeeding, and +.45 (95% CI: .30 to .59) for exclusive formula feeding. Brief formula supplementation in hospital did not alter these associations so long as exclusive breastfeeding was established and sustained for at least 3 months. Formula supplementation by 6 months was associated with higher BMIzs (adjusted \u03b2: +.25; 95% CI: .13 to .38), whereas supplementation with solid foods was not. Results were similar for weight gain velocity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breastfeeding is inversely associated with weight gain velocity and BMI. These associations are dose dependent, partially diminished when breast milk is fed from a bottle, and substantially weakened by formula supplementation after the neonatal period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T03:25:15Z","timestamp":1537759515000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Infant Feeding and Weight Gain: Separating Breast Milk From Breastfeeding and Formula From Food"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Meghan B.","family":"Azad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and"},{"name":"Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network, (DEVOTION) Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Vehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and"},{"name":"Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network, (DEVOTION) Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and"},{"name":"Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network, (DEVOTION) Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Klopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and"},{"name":"Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network, (DEVOTION) Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network, (DEVOTION) Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"McGavock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and"},{"name":"Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network, (DEVOTION) Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan B.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and"},{"name":"Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network, (DEVOTION) Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piushkumar J.","family":"Mandhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart E.","family":"Turvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute and British Columbia Children\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo J.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana L.","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm R.","family":"Sears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmaja","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the CHILD Study Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10113","key":"2021121023373940500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults.","volume":"390","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121023373940500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.195","article-title":"Nutritional programming of the metabolic syndrome.","volume":"5","author":"Symonds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121023373940500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00183.x","article-title":"Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life\u2013a systematic review.","volume":"6","author":"Monteiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121023373940500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20153492","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3492","article-title":"Infant BMI or weight-for-length and obesity risk in early childhood.","volume":"137","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"43","key":"2021121023373940500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19430","article-title":"The use of measures of obesity in childhood for predicting obesity and the development of obesity-related diseases in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Simmonds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"10017","key":"2021121023373940500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"467","key":"2021121023373940500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13133","article-title":"Long-term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"104","author":"Horta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121023373940500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2012.9975","article-title":"Definitions of breastfeeding: call for the development and use of consistent definitions in research and peer-reviewed literature.","volume":"7","author":"Labbok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121023373940500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0073","article-title":"The meaning of \u201cbreastfeeding\u201d is changing and so must our language about it.","volume":"12","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121023373940500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.03.018","article-title":"Influence of prolonged storage process, pasteurization, and heat treatment on biologically-active human milk proteins.","volume":"54","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121023373940500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2549","article-title":"Do infants fed from bottles lack self-regulation of milk intake compared with directly breastfed infants?","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121023373940500_B12","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influence of early infant-feeding practices on the intestinal microbiome and body composition in infants [published correction appears in Nutr Metab Insights. 2016;8(suppl 1):87].","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121023373940500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207246","article-title":"The Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study: examining developmental origins of allergy and asthma.","volume":"70","author":"Subbarao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121023373940500_B14","first-page":"CD003517","article-title":"Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding.","author":"Kramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121023373940500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x","article-title":"WHO child growth standards based on length\/height, weight and age.","volume":"450","author":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121023373940500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3109\/17477161003615583","article-title":"Defining obesity risk status in the general childhood population: which cut-offs should we use?","volume":"5","author":"de Onis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121023373940500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12036","article-title":"The effect of breastfeeding on childhood overweight and obesity: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"26","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Nurse Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121023373940500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.12.016","article-title":"Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2010.","volume":"113","author":"Guenther","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121023373940500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2009.00309.x","article-title":"Breastfeeding rates and hospital breastfeeding practices in Canada: a national survey of women.","volume":"36","author":"Chalmers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121023373940500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.61","article-title":"Associations between infant feeding and the size, tempo and velocity of infant weight gain: SITAR analysis of the Gemini twin birth cohort.","volume":"38","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2021121023373940500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.08.064","article-title":"The impact of timing of introduction of solids on infant body mass index.","volume":"179","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2, pt 1","key":"2021121023373940500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.343","article-title":"Breastfeeding and infant growth: biology or bias?","volume":"110","author":"Kramer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121023373940500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.035","article-title":"In-hospital formula use increases early breastfeeding cessation among first-time mothers intending to exclusively breastfeed.","volume":"164","author":"Chantry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"15","key":"2021121023373940500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1514209","article-title":"Effect of avoidance on peanut allergy after early peanut consumption.","volume":"374","author":"Du Toit","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121023373940500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12376","article-title":"The timing of solid introduction in an \u2018obesogenic\u2019 environment: a narrative review of the evidence and methodological issues.","volume":"39","author":"Daniels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2021121023373940500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2016.0039","article-title":"In-hospital formula supplementation of healthy newborns: practices, reasons, and their medical justification.","volume":"11","author":"Boban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121023373940500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.511","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of pacifier use and bottle-feeding or cupfeeding and their effect on breastfeeding.","volume":"111","author":"Howard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121023373940500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006379","article-title":"A systematic review of controlled trials of lower-protein or energy-containing infant formulas for use by healthy full-term infants.","volume":"6","author":"Abrams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2021121023373940500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00356","article-title":"First foods and gut microbes.","volume":"8","author":"Laursen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121023373940500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.10.002","article-title":"Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors.","volume":"60","author":"Ballard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121023373940500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00071.x","article-title":"Breastfeeding during the first year promotes satiety responsiveness in children aged 18-24 months.","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2018-1092\/1065411\/peds_20181092.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2018-1092\/1065411\/peds_20181092.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T13:37:35Z","timestamp":1720618655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/142\/4\/e20181092\/37391\/Infant-Feeding-and-Weight-Gain-Separating-Breast"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-1092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"article-number":"e20181092"}}