{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:13:03Z","timestamp":1792660383551,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although caffeine use for apnea of prematurity is well studied, the long-term safety and benefit of routine early caffeine administration has not been explored. Our objective was to determine the association between early (within 2 days of birth) versus late caffeine exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infants of &amp;lt;29 weeks\u2019 gestation born between April 2009 and September 2011 and admitted to Canadian Neonatal Network units and then assessed at Canadian Neonatal Follow-up Network centers were studied. Neonates who received caffeine were divided into early- (received within 2 days of birth) and late-caffeine (received after 2 days of birth) groups. The primary outcome was significant neurodevelopmental impairment, defined as cerebral palsy, or a Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition composite score of &amp;lt;70 on any component, hearing aid or cochlear implant, or bilateral visual impairment at 18 to 24 months\u2019 corrected age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 2108 neonates who were eligible, 1545 were in the early-caffeine group and 563 were in the late-caffeine group. Rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, and severe neurologic injury were lower in the early-caffeine group than in the late-caffeine group. Significant neurodevelopmental impairment (adjusted odds ratio 0.68 [95% confidence interval 0.50\u20130.94]) and odds of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition cognitive scores of &amp;lt;85 (adjusted odds ratio 0.67 [95% confidence interval 0.47\u20130.95]) were lower in the early-caffeine group than in the late-caffeine group. Propensity score\u2013based matched-pair analyses revealed lower odds of cerebral palsy and hearing impairment only.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early caffeine therapy is associated with better neurodevelopmental outcomes compared with late caffeine therapy in preterm infants born at &amp;lt;29 weeks\u2019 gestation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T13:29:20Z","timestamp":1544016560000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Early Caffeine Administration and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Abhay","family":"Lodha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences and"},{"name":"Alberta 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