{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:39:07Z","timestamp":1790825947644,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ventilatory support may affect the short- and long-term neurologic and respiratory morbidities of preterm infants. Ongoing monitoring of oxygenation and ventilation and control of adequate levels of oxygen, pressures, and volumes can decrease the incidence of such adverse outcomes. Use of pulse oximetry became a standard of care for titrating oxygen delivery, but continuous noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) is not routinely used in NICUs. Continuous monitoring of CO2 level may be crucial because hypocarbia and hypercarbia in extremely preterm infants are associated with lung and brain morbidities, specifically bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and cystic periventricular leukomalacia. It is shown that continuous monitoring of CO2 levels helps in maintaining stable CO2 values within an accepted target range. Continuous monitoring of CO2 levels can be used in the delivery room, during transport, and in infants receiving invasive or noninvasive respiratory support in the NICU. It is logical to hypothesize that this will result in better outcome for extremely preterm infants. In this article, we review the different noninvasive CO2 monitoring alternatives and devices, their advantages and disadvantages, and the available clinical data supporting or negating their use as a standard of care in NICUs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T12:25:14Z","timestamp":1561638314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Continuous Noninvasive Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in Neonates: From Theory to Standard of Care"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Ori","family":"Hochwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liron","family":"Borenstein-Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Dinur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Jubran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomit","family":"Ben-David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Kugelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2013Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021121013163229400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F323","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302649","article-title":"Incidence of hypo- and hyper-capnia in a cross-sectional European cohort of ventilated newborn infants.","volume":"98","author":"van Kaam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2021121013163229400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.09.051","article-title":"Impact of continuous capnography in ventilated neonates: a randomized, multicenter study.","volume":"168","author":"Kugelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121013163229400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00041.x","article-title":"Hypocarbia in the ventilated preterm infant and its effect on intraventricular haemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"38","author":"Erickson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121013163229400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.06.011","article-title":"Episodes of hypocarbia and early-onset sepsis are risk factors for cystic periventricular leukomalacia in the preterm infant.","volume":"88","author":"Resch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121013163229400_B5","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Perinatal factors and periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants.","volume":"140","author":"Van de Bor","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121013163229400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(90)90136-7","article-title":"Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage: II. 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