{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:40:53Z","timestamp":1785800453087,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We characterized referral trends over time at a transgender clinic within an integrated health system in Northern California. We identified the transition-related requests of pediatric transgender and gender-nonconforming patients and evaluated differences in referrals by age group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Medical records were analyzed for all patients &amp;lt;18 years of age in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health system who were referred to a specialty transgender clinic between February 2015 and June 2018. Trends in treatment demand, demographic data, service requests, and surgical history were abstracted from medical charts and analyzed by using descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified 417 unique transgender and gender-nonconforming pediatric patients. The median age at time of referral was 15 years (range 3\u201317). Most (62%) identified on the masculine spectrum. Of the 203 patients with available ethnicity data, 68% were non-Hispanic. During the study period, the clinic received a total of 506 referrals with a significant increase over time (P &amp;lt; .001). Most referrals were for requests to start cross-sex hormones and\/or blockers (34%), gender-affirming surgery (32%), and mental health (27%). Transition-related requests varied by age group: younger patients sought more mental health services, and older patients sought hormonal and surgical services. Eighty-nine patients underwent gender-affirming surgeries, mostly before age 18 and most frequently mastectomies (77%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The increase in referrals supports the need for expanded and accessible health care services for this population. The transition-related care of patients in this large sample varied by age group, underscoring the need for an individualized approach to gender-affirming care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T12:26:59Z","timestamp":1571228819000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Trends in Referrals to a Pediatric Transgender Clinic"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Ted","family":"Handler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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