{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:45:36Z","timestamp":1792442736417,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n In this study, we aimed to contrast the bacteriologic epidemiology of osteoarticular infections (OAIs) between 2 patient groups in successive 10-year periods, before and after the extensive use of nucleic acid amplification assays in the diagnostic process.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n Epidemiologic data and bacteriologic etiologies of all children presenting with OAIs on admission to our institution over 20 years (1997\u20132016) were assessed retrospectively. The population was divided into 2 cohorts, using the standardized use of polymerase chain reaction as the cutoff point (2007). The conventional cohort included children with OAIs mainly investigated by using classic cultures, whereas the molecular cohort referred to patients also investigated by using molecular assays.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n Kingella kingae was the most frequently isolated pathogen, responsible for 51% of OAIs, whereas other classic pathogens were responsible for 39.7% of cases in the molecular cohort. A statistically significant increase in the mean incidence of OAIs was observed, as was a decrease in the mean age at diagnosis after 2007. After 2007, the pathogen remained unidentified in 21.6% of OAIs in our pediatric population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n Extensive use of nucleic acid amplification assays improved the detection of fastidious pathogens and has increased the observed incidence of OAI, especially in children aged between 6 and 48 months. We propose the incorporation of polymerase chain reaction assays into modern diagnostic algorithms for OAIs to better identify the bacteriologic etiology of OAIs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T08:25:17Z","timestamp":1573633517000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Kingella kingae<\/i>\n and Osteoarticular Infections"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Eleftheria","family":"Samara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatric Orthopaedics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Spyropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Tabard-Foug\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatric Orthopaedics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Merlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimonda","family":"Valaikaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatric Orthopaedics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Dhouib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Emergency, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Juchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatric Orthopaedics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Dayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatric Orthopaedics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Ceroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatric Orthopaedics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120915585422500_B1","first-page":"467","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2003","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120915585422500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32835c2b42","article-title":"Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children: current concepts","volume":"25","author":"Dodwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120915585422500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199902000-00012","article-title":"Etiology of septic arthritis in children: an update for the 1990s","volume":"15","author":"Luhmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120915585422500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00144-09","article-title":"New real-time PCR-based method for Kingella kingae DNA detection: application to samples collected from 89 children with acute arthritis","volume":"47","author":"Ilharreborde","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120915585422500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S1684-1182(10)60051-5","article-title":"Acute community-acquired osteoarticular infections in children: high incidence of concomitant bone and joint involvement","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120915585422500_B6","first-page":"302","article-title":"Epidemiologic, bacteriologic, and long-term follow-up data of children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: a ten-year review","volume":"8","author":"Christiansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120915585422500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200x.2000.01267.x","article-title":"Septic arthritis in childhood","volume":"42","author":"\u00c7aksen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120915585422500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198208000-00014","article-title":"Etiology and medical management of acute suppurative bone and joint infections in pediatric patients","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120915585422500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.5.1083-1086.1991","article-title":"Kingella kingae intervertebral disk infection","volume":"29","author":"Amir","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120915585422500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.5.1278-1281.1992","article-title":"High prevalence of Kingella kingae in joint fluid from children with septic arthritis revealed by the BACTEC blood culture system","volume":"30","author":"Yagupsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120915585422500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/27.5.1328","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of Kingella kingae arthritis in a young child","volume":"27","author":"St\u00e4helin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120915585422500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000172153.10569.dc","article-title":"Contribution of a broad range polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of osteoarticular infections caused by Kingella kingae: description of twenty-four recent pediatric diagnoses","volume":"24","author":"Verdier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120915585422500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31821c3aee","article-title":"Differentiating osteoarticular infections caused by Kingella kingae from those due to typical pathogens in young children","volume":"30","author":"Ceroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120915585422500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181d4732f","article-title":"Kingella kingae osteoarticular infections in young children: clinical features and contribution of a new specific real-time PCR assay to the diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"Ceroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2021120915585422500_B15","unstructured":"Republic and Canton of Geneva. Cantonal statistics, resident population. Available at: www.ge.ch\/statistique\/population_residante\/welcome.asp"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120915585422500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30955-X","article-title":"Septic arthritis in children","volume":"6","author":"Morrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120915585422500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30956-1","article-title":"Hematogenous pyogenic osteomyelitis in children","volume":"6","author":"Morrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120915585422500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31825d3419","article-title":"Small risk of osteoarticular infections in children with asymptomatic oropharyngeal carriage of Kingella kingae","volume":"31","author":"Ceroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120915585422500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1299","article-title":"Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review","volume":"105","author":"Fernandez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120915585422500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(91)90026-V","article-title":"Classification of disease: osteoarthritis","volume":"20","author":"Altman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"2021120915585422500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47707-0","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Kingella kingae osteoarticular infections by specific real-time PCR assay","volume":"58","author":"Cherkaoui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120915585422500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0810","article-title":"Detection of Kingella kingae osteoarticular infections in children by oropharyngeal swab PCR","volume":"131","author":"Ceroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2021120915585422500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2005.00538.x","article-title":"Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children","volume":"41","author":"Goergens","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120915585422500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B1.0830099","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of acute and subacute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"83","author":"Blyth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120915585422500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199811000-00012","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of osteomyelitis in the era of sequential intravenous-oral therapy","volume":"17","author":"Karwowska","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120915585422500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B5.28523","article-title":"Haematogenous acute and subacute paediatric osteomyelitis: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"94","author":"Dartnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120915585422500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-009-0233-2","article-title":"Kingella kingae spondylodiscitis in young children: toward a new approach for bacteriological investigations? A preliminary report","volume":"4","author":"Ceroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120915585422500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318186eb4b","article-title":"The impact of the current epidemiology of pediatric musculoskeletal infection on evaluation and treatment guidelines","volume":"28","author":"Gafur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120915585422500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-301089","article-title":"Managing bone and joint infection in children","volume":"97","author":"Faust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120915585422500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-011-0347-1","article-title":"Acute multifocal haematogenous osteomyelitis in children","volume":"5","author":"Sreenivas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120915585422500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-005-1432-7","article-title":"Two decades of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children: are there any changes?","volume":"21","author":"Malcius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120915585422500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000259954.88139.f4","article-title":"Specific real-time polymerase chain reaction places Kingella kingae as the most common cause of osteoarticular infections in young children","volume":"26","author":"Chometon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120915585422500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.144","article-title":"30 years of study of Kingella kingae: post tenebras, lux","volume":"8","author":"Ceroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120915585422500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.06.010","article-title":"Development of a broad-range 16S rDNA real-time PCR for the diagnosis of septic arthritis in children","volume":"68","author":"Rosey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120915585422500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01046-1","article-title":"Kingella kingae: from medical rarity to an emerging paediatric pathogen","volume":"4","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120915585422500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000242431.91489.b4","article-title":"Changing patterns of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"26","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120915585422500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.74B4.1624513","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of osteomyelitis in children","volume":"74","author":"Craigen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120915585422500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31817bb816","article-title":"Changing trends in acute osteomyelitis in children: impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"28","author":"Saavedra-Lozano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"2021120915585422500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.09.014","article-title":"Recent lessons for the management of bone and joint infections","volume":"68","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120915585422500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200910000-00004","article-title":"Pediatric musculoskeletal infection: trends and antibiotic recommendations","volume":"17","author":"Copley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120915585422500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00505","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00505-18","article-title":"A new highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay targeting the malate dehydrogenase gene of Kingella kingae and application to 201 pediatric clinical specimens","volume":"56","author":"El Houmami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"2021120915585422500_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00571","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00571-17","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Kingella negevensis SW7208426, the first European strain of K. negevensis isolated from a healthy child in Switzerland","volume":"5","author":"El Houmami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120915585422500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001957","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Kingella negevensis sp. nov., a novel Kingella species detected in a healthy paediatric population","volume":"67","author":"El Houmami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120915585422500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00736-17","article-title":"Molecular tests that target the RTX locus do not distinguish between Kingella kingae and the recently described Kingella negevensis species","volume":"55","author":"El Houmami","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120915585422500_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.08.001","article-title":"Genomics of the new species Kingella negevensis: diagnostic issues and identification of a locus encoding a RTX toxin","volume":"19","author":"Opota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120915585422500_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00633","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00633-18","article-title":"Detection of respiratory colonization by Kingella kingae and the novel Kingella negevensis species in children: uses and methodology","volume":"56","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2019-1509\/1078340\/peds_20191509.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2019-1509\/1078340\/peds_20191509.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T23:11:47Z","timestamp":1639091507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/144\/6\/e20191509\/37991\/Kingella-kingae-and-Osteoarticular-Infections"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2019-1509","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"article-number":"e20191509"}}