{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:23:44Z","timestamp":1791897824934,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the survival and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants at 18 to 26 months with early hypoxemic respiratory failure (HRF). We also assessed whether African American infants with early HRF had improved outcomes after exposure to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ELBW infants \u22641000 g and gestational age \u226426 weeks with maximal oxygen \u226560% on either day 1 or day 3 were labeled as \u201cearly HRF\u201d and born between 2007 and 2015 in the Neonatal Research Network were included. Using a propensity score regression model, we analyzed outcomes and effects of exposure to iNO overall and separately by race.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 7639 ELBW infants born \u226426 weeks, 22.7% had early HRF. Early HRF was associated with a mortality of 51.3%. The incidence of moderate-severe NDI among survivors was 41.2% at 18 to 26 months. Mortality among infants treated with iNO was 59.4%. Female sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8\u20133.3), birth weight \u2265720 g (aOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7\u20133.1) and complete course of antenatal steroids (aOR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1\u20132.2) were associated with intact survival. African American infants had a similar incidence of early HRF (21.7% vs 23.3%) but lower exposure to iNO (16.4% vs 21.6%). Among infants with HRF exposed to iNO, intact survival (no death or NDI) was not significantly different between African American and other races (aOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.6\u20133.6).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early HRF in infants \u226426 weeks\u2019 gestation is associated with high mortality and NDI at 18 to 26 months. Use of iNO did not decrease mortality or NDI. Outcomes following iNO exposure were not different in African American infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T08:25:43Z","timestamp":1600331143000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Early Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in Extreme Prematurity: Mortality and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Praveen","family":"Chandrasekharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, UBMD, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyan","family":"Lakshminrusimha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, 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