{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:39:11Z","timestamp":1789907951519,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has been used for &amp;gt;30 years as a life-sustaining therapy in critically ill patients for a variety of indications. In the current study, we aimed to examine trends in use, mortality, length of stay (LOS), and costs for pediatric ECLS hospitalizations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients (between the ages of 28 days and &amp;lt;21 years) on ECLS using the 2008\u20132015 National Inpatient Sample, the largest all-payer inpatient hospitalization database generated from hospital discharges. Nonparametric and Cochran-Armitage tests for trend were used to study in-hospital mortality, LOS, and hospitalization costs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the estimated 5847 patients identified and included for analysis, ECLS was required for respiratory failure (36.4%), postcardiotomy syndrome (25.9%), mixed cardiopulmonary failure (21.7%), cardiogenic shock (13.1%), and transplanted graft dysfunction (2.9%). The rate of ECLS hospitalizations increased 329%, from 11 to 46 cases per 100\u2009000 pediatric hospitalizations, from 2008 to 2015 (P &amp;lt; .001). Overall mortality decreased from 50.3% to 34.6% (P &amp;lt; .001). Adjusted hospital costs increased significantly ($214\u2009046 \u00b1 11\u2009822 to 324\u2009841 \u00b1 25\u2009621; P = .002) during the study period despite a stable overall hospital LOS (46 \u00b1 6 to 44 \u00b1 4 days; P = .94).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Use of ECLS in pediatric patients has increased with substantially improved ECLS survival rates. Hospital costs have increased significantly despite a stable LOS in this group. Dissemination of this costly yet life-saving technology warrants ongoing analysis of use trends to identify areas for quality improvement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T12:50:35Z","timestamp":1597409435000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Trends in Mortality and Costs of Pediatric Extracorporeal Life Support"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Yas","family":"Sanaiha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiac Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Khoubian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiac Surgery, and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine G.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiac Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Aguayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiac Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Dobaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiac Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyman","family":"Benharash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiac Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2021121021231868300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197203232861204","article-title":"Prolonged extracorporeal oxygenation for acute post-traumatic respiratory failure (shock-lung syndrome). 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