{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:05:36Z","timestamp":1778058336199,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine how overweight and obesity at specific ages and overall BMI growth patterns throughout childhood predict cardiometabolic phenotypes at 11 to 12 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a population-based sample of 5107 infants, BMI was measured every 2 years between ages 2 to 3 and 10 to 11 years. We identified 5 BMI trajectories using growth curve models. At ages 11 to 12 years, 1811 children completed assessments for metabolic syndrome risk scores, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and carotid intima-media thickness. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate associations, adjusted for potential confounders (eg, age, sex, smoking exposure, and small for gestational age).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overweight and obesity from early childhood onward were strongly associated with higher cardiometabolic risk at 11 to 12 years of age. At age 6 to 7 years, compared with those with a healthy weight, children with overweight had higher metabolic syndrome risk scores by 0.23 SD units (95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.41) and with obesity by 0.76 SD units (0.51\u20131.01), with associations almost doubling by age 10 to 11 years. Obese (but not overweight) children had higher outcome pulse wave velocity (0.64\u20130.73 SD units) from ages 6 to 7 years and slightly higher outcome carotid intima-media thickness (0.20\u20130.30 SD units) at all ages. Cumulative exposure to high BMI from 2 to 3 years of age carried the greatest cardiometabolic risk, with a gradient of risk across trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>High early-childhood BMI is already silently associated with the development of cardiometabolic risk by 11 to 12 years, highlighting the urgent need for effective action to reduce overweight and obesity in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T12:22:27Z","timestamp":1594038147000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Body Mass Index From Early to Late Childhood and Cardiometabolic Measurements at 11 to 12 Years"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Lycett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social & Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Juonala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and"},{"name":"Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costan G.","family":"Magnussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine; University of Turku, Turku, Finland;"},{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Norrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona K.","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 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A.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarath","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise A.","family":"Baur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Women\u2019s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Burgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 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