{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:03:10Z","timestamp":1789495390319,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Food insecurity has been associated with obesity, but previous studies are inconsistent and few included infants. We examined associations between household food security and infant adiposity and assessed the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) as effect modifiers. We hypothesized that infants from food-insecure households would have greater adiposity, with attenuation by WIC and SNAP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We repeatedly measured 666 infants from the southeastern United States in 2013\u20132017. We categorized households as high, marginal, low, or very low using the US Household Food Security Survey Module. Outcomes were BMI z score, subscapular and triceps skinfold-for-age z score, the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds, the ratio of subscapular and triceps skinfolds, and BMI z score \u22651 (at risk for overweight). We used covariate-adjusted repeated-measures linear and logistic regressions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of infants, 68.6% were Black and 60.5% had household incomes &amp;lt;$20\u2009000. Interactions between food security and WIC and\/or SNAP were not significant. Compared with infants from high food security households, infants from very low food security households had higher BMI z scores (0.18 U; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01 to 0.35), higher subscapular skinfold-for-age z scores (0.31 U; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.59), a higher sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds (0.53 mm; 95% CI 0.002 to 1.07), and greater odds of being at risk for overweight (odds ratio 1.55; 95% CI 1.14 to 2.10). Infants from low food security households had greater odds of being at risk for overweight (odds ratio 1.72; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.10).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In larger and longer studies, researchers should examine food security and adiposity in young children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T12:27:05Z","timestamp":1598617625000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Household Food Security and Infant Adiposity"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Benjamin-Neelon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carter","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Neelon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2021121013062998100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.06.038","article-title":"Advancing knowledge of how and why food insecurity is associated with poor well-being in families and individuals across the life course","volume":"119","author":"Frongillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2021121013062998100_B2","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Definitions of food security.\u20082019. Available at: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/food-nutrition-assistance\/food-security-in-the-us\/definitions-of-food-security\/. Accessed November 1, 2019"},{"key":"2021121013062998100_B3","volume-title":"Household Food Security in the United States in 2018","author":"Coleman-Jensen","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121013062998100_B4","first-page":"55","article-title":"Trends in food insecurity and SNAP participation among immigrant families US-born young children","volume":"6","author":"Bovell-Ammon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121013062998100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922811426767","article-title":"Are our babies hungry? 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